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在线测试： Test about Container Lashings (CBT)
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As a container is being lowered into position on board a container ship, it swings in the fore and aft plane, and the actuating wire for the semi-automatic base twistlock catches under the container. Select the ONE best action to take in these circumstances:
Lift and re-land the container correctly, freeing the wire as you do so.
Make a note to tell the terminal representative at the discharge port.
Try and pull the wire free, attaching it to the gantry hook if necessary.
Cut the wire and free the twistlock later with a spanner.
Earlier generation container vessels lost containers overboard even after lashing in accordance with the lashing gear manufacturer’s manual and the vessel’s loading computer. Select the ONE factor, that was not normally taken into account:
Static and dynamic loads acting on container lashings and frames.
Stress and stability of the ship itself.
Shear force, bending moments and torsional forces experienced by the vessel.
The speed of the vessel.
How is official approval assigned to the cargo securing manual? Select the ONE correct answer:
By the classification society on behalf of the flag State.
By the company safety department after consultation with classification society.
Jointly, by the ship builder and the lashing gear manufacturer.
An approved CSM is NOT required on a container ship.
The number of lashing rods used and positions, in which they are fitted on container stacks, are determined by a number of factors. Select the ONE correct pair of factors:
The container size and the weight of each container in the stack.
The container weight and the weight of each container in the row.
The container weight and the weight of each container in the column.
The stack weight and the weight of each container in the stack.
What are intermediate stackers used for? Select the ONE best answer:
Securing containers of different length.
Securing containers on deck.
Securing containers of different height.
Securing containers inside cargo holds and container stacks into composite units.
What disadvantage does an under deck lashing arrangement that uses pressure elements, have? Select the ONE best answer:
Each tier of containers in the same block needs to be of the same height, and all containers in the same block must be for same port of discharge.
If an individual pressure element breaks the whole block of containers is affected.
All the containers in the same block must be for same port of discharge, but they all must be of one size only.
If over three units high, containers in the same block need to be secured with extra locking pins.
What is the main advantage in using automatic locking cones? Select the ONE best answer:
Some units combine the function of both the semi-automatic twistlocks (SAT) and the midlock and, as such operating of cones during cargo operations are fully automatic.
Their flangeless design leads to a higher centre of gravity.
Dedicated operating rods are supplied for use in conjunction with the cones in case of their automatic function failure.
Their flangeless design leads to a higher centre of gravity as well as large GM.
What is the main advantage in using double and quadruple stacking cones? Select the ONE best answer:
They secure loaded containers into a single block.
No inspection or maintenance is required.
They can be used where adjacent stacks are of different heights.
They can be used even where interconnected stacks are for discharge at different ports.
What is the main advantage of a lashing bridge as used in securing and lashing systems on container ships? Select the ONE most accurate answer:
It allows anchoring points for each stack to be moved higher up the stack, resulting in reduction of tipping moments.
It allows for lashing the ship’s navigating bridge with the containers loaded in front and behind it.
20-foot and 40 foot containers can be secured to it when they are required to be loaded in front of the ship’s bridge.
Ship’s torsional forces are considerably reduced as the lashing bridge transfers all the container load to the ship’s navigating bridge.
What is the main advantage of a semi-automatic twistlock? Select the ONE best answer:
Most of the models are fully compliant with OSHA requirements can be attached and removed from the container corner, casting by a stevedore stationed on the dock.
It relocks itself automatically if accidentally opened.
Most models are fully compliant with OSHA requirements and hence require no routine maintenance.
It is one of the heaviest twistlocks in its class and hence more durable.
What is the main advantage of using removable cell guides in relation to container ships? Select the ONE correct answer:
There is no risk of damage to the cargo in the containers or in the cargo holds.
Removable container guides allow multipurpose freighters, reefer vessels etc., to carry containers in their regular or insulated holds without any risk of damage to the holds themselves.
They can be removed so as to accommodate carriage of high density bulk cargoes.
They can be adjusted for the carriage of containers of different lengths within the same column.
What is the main disadvantage of using double and quadruple stacking cones? Select the ONE correct answer:
They can only be used where adjacent stacks are of the same height, and where interconnected stacks are for discharge at the same port.
They cannot be used to secure loaded containers into a single block.
Frequent inspection and excessive levels of maintenance are required.
They cannot be used where adjacent stacks are of same heights, and where interconnected stacks are welded inside the holds.
What was the main limitation of the lashing equipment manufacturer’s manual on “first generation” container vessels? Select the ONE correct answer:
An ideal stow, referred to as the “homogenous stack”, was assumed.
Manuals were available only in the English language.
Calm weather conditions, were assumed during the voyage.
No lashing equipment description was provided.
What is the main reason, that the stacking cones method became redundant on “first generation” container vessels? Select the ONE correct answer:
Increased utilisation of containers of different heights and the introduction of “high-cube” containers.
Recommendations in the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention.
Recommendations from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
Recommendations in the cargo securing manual (CSM).
Which ONE of the following is normally carried in type IMO 5, ISO tank containers?
Only liquefied petroleum gases.
All inflammable liquids.
All dangerous bulk materials.
Refrigerated liquefied cargoes of any type.
Which ONE of these actions would be the most effective in reducing compressive forces?
Increasing the weight of higher tier containers.
Lashing the containers very tight by using a spanner on the turnbuckles.
Reducing the weight of higher tier containers.
Placing heavy containers at the top and bottom of stack and light containers in the middle.
Which ONE of these best describes a lashing bridge as used on a container stack?
A substantial steel structure running athwartships to lash second and third tier containers.
A walkway made over the cargo for safe passage of personnel.
A substantial steel structure running athwartships between twenty-foot container bays.
A steel structure welded to the hatch lids for securing turnbuckles and lashing rods.
Which ONE of these is a disadvantage of a lashing bridge as used in securing and lashing systems on container ships?
Only one end of 40 foot containers can be secured to it when empty.
45 foot containers cannot be secured to it, due to their exceptional weight and size.
Only one end of 20 foot containers can be secured to it, due to the limited capacity of the conventional lashing system.
It can only be fitted athwartships, across 20 foot container bays, due to the limited capacity, depending on the container ship’s size.
Which ONE of these is a prime cause of excessive lashing tension in lashing rods?
Tightening lashing rods manually by hand.
Over-tightening of lashing rods using large spanners.
Inadequate lubrication of lashing equipment.
Tightening turn buckles to the end of their threads.
Which ONE of these is another name for a slewing eye?
Lashing bridge.
D-ring.
Pad eye.
Cell guide.
Which ONE of these is most likely to cause maximum stresses on a container stack?
Heavy rolling along with a vessel’s large GM.
Strong head wind and swell.
Heavy pitching.
Rolling and pitching with a vessel’s small GM.
Which ONE of these is the best description of a lashing bridge?
It is a substantial athwartships steel structure, used for the better lashing of second and third tier containers.
It is a movable under-deck cell guide, which facilitates the stowage of containers of different lengths within the same hold.
It is a substantial longitudinal steel structure, used for the lashing of second and third tier containers.
It is an alternative term for a colour-coded steel plate, welded to the ship’s structure, onto which lashing rods and turnbuckles are secured.
Which ONE of these is the definition of a lashing bridge, as used in securing and lashing systems on container ships?
It is a substantial steel structure, running athwartships between each forty-foot container bay, that allows the second and third tiers of containers to be secured to the bridge, using lashing rods and turnbuckles.
It is a substantial steel structure, running athwartships for safe passage of personnel during adverse weather conditions.
It is a substantial steel structure, running athwartships to lash second and third tier containers for transferring excess container loads to the vessel.
It is a substantial steel structure for storing loose turnbuckles and lashing rods, when they are not in use on-board ships in ballast passage.
Which ONE of these is the primary means of securing under deck containers in a fully cellular container vessel?
Lashing bars and turnbuckles.
Twistlocks.
Bridge fittings.
Cell guides.
Which ONE of these manuals contains the recommendations for on-board lashing of containers?
Cargo securing manual.
Lashing equipment manufacturer’s manual.
Stability manual.
OSHA manual.
Which ONE of these statements best describes the most common and preferred stowage and securing arrangement on board modern container vessels?
Cell guides in holds, and stacked stowage and lashing with twistlocks, lashing bars and turnbuckles on deck.
Block stowage and stabilization in holds and cell guides on deck.
Cell guides in holds and cell guides on deck.
Stacked stowage and securing with twistlocks, lashing rods and turnbuckles in holds and block stowage and securing with stacking cones and bridge fittings on deck.
Which ONE of these statements is correct?
The compressive forces act on a container’s corner posts and fittings, as a result of tilting of stacks and vertical accelerations.
Container collapse can never result from compressive forces, generated by exceeding the allowable loads on corner posts.
The risk of container failure due to compressive forces can be minimised by exceeding the weight of the upper containers in a stack.
The risk of container failure due to compressive forces can be minimised by over-tensioning of the lashing devices.
Which ONE of these statements is the most accurate?
Convertible stowage frames were developed in order to accommodate containers of different dimensions securely, without any appreciable delay, on feeder ships, multipurpose freighters and container ships in certain regions.
The frames could not be secured at the sides by pins, which engage in bushes, that are let into the wing bulkheads of the container ship.
Loaded containers cannot be locked in place by means of securing pins when using convertible stowage frames.
The closure rails, fitted on both sides of the guide rails by means of screw connections, cannot be removed once containers have been loaded when using convertible stowage frames.
Which ONE of these statements is the most accurate?
Containers tend to pivot on the bottom edge and may eventually overturn when subjected to toppling forces, caused by rolling motion of the ship due to extreme heavy weather conditions.
Containers tend to stay in position as they naturally counteract toppling forces, caused by extreme rolling motion of the ship due to extreme heavy weather conditions.
Containers tend to lift from the bottom edge, which may disconnect the corner castings or twistlocks when subject to toppling forces, caused by extreme heavy weather conditions in port.
Containers tend to stay upright when fully loaded, even when subjected to the toppling forces, caused by extreme heavy weather conditions, resulting in smooth rolling motion while in port.
Which ONE of these statements is true?
Turnbuckles should be hand-tightened, using the correct tool and never over-tightened with large spanners.
Turnbuckles should always be tightened to the last thread, so that the lashed containers do not experience any movement during a sea passage.
Manual twistlocks and bridge fittings can still be used to secure deck containers on vessels, calling at U. S. ports.
It is recommended, that several different models of twistlocks should be used in the container lashing arrangement of a vessel, to cover any failure by one particular model.
Which TWO of these would normally be carried in 20′ and 40′ general-purpose containers? Select the TWO most likely:
回答
Which factors need to be taken into account, when deciding on the securing arrangement on board a vessel? Select TWO of these factors:
回答
Which item of lashing equipment is shown here? Select the ONE correct answer:
Midlock for bottom and intermediate position.
Semi-automatic twistlock.
Manual twistlock.
Bridge fitting.
Which of the statements regarding the combined static and dynamic loads acting on container, securing systems of “second generation” container vessels is true? Select the ONE most accurate answer:
The combined static and dynamic loads, acting on a securing system during adverse weather were not considered, and there were no uniform standards for container lashing systems.
The combined static and dynamic loads on a securing system during adverse weather were considered and presumed to be correct.
The containers were correctly stowed with the assumption, that the lashing recommendations in the cargo securing manual (CSM) took static and dynamic loads into account.
There were no cargo securing manuals for non-cellular container ships, so static and dynamic loads were not recognised.
Which of these are disadvantages of an under-deck lashing arrangement, that uses pressure elements, stacking cones and bridge fittings? Select the THREE disadvantages:
回答
Which of these contains the names of two types of fixed ISO container fittings? Select the ONE correct answer:
Raised and sliding ISO twistlock foundations.
Automatic and semi-automatic twistlocks.
Midlocks and deadlocks.
Sliding and non-sliding ISO twistlock foundations.
Which of these does the section on “stack weights”, in a cargo securing manual, contain information about? Select the ONE correct answer:
This section shows the maximum hatch cover, pedestal and tank top loading and lashing system for 20′ containers without lashing bridge.
This section shows the maximum number of stacks, that can be loaded on bulk carrier ships with respect to their size and types, when not loading break bulk cargo.
This section shows the maximum number of stacks, that can be loaded on cargo ships with respect to their size and types, along with loading of general cargo.
This section shows how to use load-bearing base twistlocks, bridge fittings, lashing bridges, single and double stacking cones in conjunction with lashing bars or lashing chains.
Which of these identifies the main difference between raised and sliding ISO twistlock foundations? Select the ONE most accurate answer:
Dovetail foundations need to be welded onto the deck or hatch pontoon to accommodate sliding ISO twistlock foundations, but not for raised types.
Sliding ISO twistlock foundations must be welded into specially designed sockets, welded onto the deck or hatch pontoon, but raised types do not.
Sliding ISO twistlock foundations are considered by classification societies to be less prone to stresses, that raised ISO foundations.
With sliding ISO twistlock foundations, there is no problem in using left or right-handed twistlocks, whereas there is with raised types.
Which of these identifies the primary resultant effects on container stacks of the vessel “rolling”? Select the ONE correct answer:
Racking force is the primary resultant transverse effect, caused by a vessel’s rolling motion, that tends to distort a container’s end or its side frames, resulting from static and dynamic forces parallel to the deck.
Racking force is the primary resultant longitudinal effect, caused by a cargo vessel’s rolling motion, that tends to damage a container and its cargo, resulting in spilling of cargo on the deck.
Racking force is the primary resultant effect, caused due to the vessel’s rolling motion. It is an arthward force, that tends to distort a container’s contents temporarily, resulting from static and dynamic forces perpendicular to the deck.
Racking force is the primary resultant effect, caused by a vessel’s rolling motion, that virtually damages the container ship itself, and is the result of static and dynamic forces inside the hull.
Which of these is a recognized potential deficiency of dovetail foundations, when securing containers? Select the ONE most appropriate answer:
The chamfered edges are particularly susceptible to damage by compression and to flaring outwards when in use.
The chamfered edges are particularly susceptible to damage by flaring outwards in bad weather conditions, even when not in use.
When damaged, sliding fixtures cannot be properly handled and stored.
The versatility of a stowage arrangement is seriously reduced if dovetail foundations are incorporated.
Which of these precautions should be taken, when using raised ISO twistlock foundations? Select the ONE correct answer:
The foundations should be regularly inspected to ensure, that they are not cracked as they are susceptible to stresses.
The foundations do not require close-up inspection at regular intervals, as they do not get cracked despite long usage.
It should be ensured, that twistlocks are inserted with the locking bar/toggle facing inwards from the container’s corner castings.
Markings and labels should clearly indicate, that the use of both left or right-handed twistlocks is permitted.
Which of these should be contained in the section on “Equipment Operating Instructions”, in a cargo securing manual? Select the ONE correct answer:
The “Equipment Operating Instructions” should include instructions on the use of twistlocks, actuator poles, turnbuckles and midlock stackers, and should illustrate lashing operations using short and long rods.
The “Equipment Operating Instructions” should include instructions on the use of compressors and generators for reefer cargoes and illustrates their detailed operating instructions.
The “Equipment Operating Instructions” should include instructions on the use of various types of container handling equipment required for loading and unloading of containers securely on general cargo ships.
The “Equipment Operating Instructions” should include instructions on the use of various types of container handling equipment required for loading and unloading of containers securely on break bulk carriers.
Which of these statements correctly applies to a “hard” open-top container in relation to container ships? Select the ONE correct statement:
A “hard” open top container is one, that is fitted with a removable steel top and can be loaded from the top or side door with the cross-bar swung out of the container.
They are loaded with a tarpaulin sheet covering its doors and fitted all around the container.
They can be over-stowed by any other type of containers on cargo ships.
They have a lower centre of gravity than the usual 2 590 mm (8 feet and 6 inches) high containers.
Which of these statements normally applies to cargo securing manuals in relation to a container ship? Select the ONE correct statement:
They contain ship-specific information about securing of containerised cargo on deck, that varies from ship to ship.
They contain ship-specific information about different container securing arrangements, each having its own permissible stack and tier weight limits.
They contain general information about manually securing of different types of containers only.
They contain general information about loading, stowage and securing containers as approved by the local port State administration.
Which of these statements only correctly applies to the high-cube dry cargo containers? Select the ONE correct statement:
They are generally used for the carriage of general break-bulk cargoes on cargo ships and bulk carriers, because of their open ventilation.
The high-cube dry cargo containers are generally used for the carriage of non-perishable general cargoes, and come in lengths of 20′, 40′, 45′ and 48′.
They can be stowed under-deck without any height limitations on cargo ships and bulk carriers, because of their open ventilation.
They have a lower centre of gravity, than the usual 2 590 mm (8′ 6″) high containers.
Which of these types of information are contained in the cargo securing manual? Select the THREE most likely:
回答
Which procedure is the, most likely, to prevent toppling of containers? Select the ONE most likely:
Putting twistlocks between containers and lashing them vertically, as high into the upper tiers as possible.
Planning single high stacks with no support on either side.
Reducing the weight of higher tier containers.
Lashing with single stacking cones and lashing rods.
Which type of lashing is, most likely, to reduce racking forces on a container stack? Select the ONE correct answer:
Twistlocks.
Vertical lashing rods with turnbuckles.
Diagonal lashings.
Lashing cannot reduce racking forces.
A cargo securing manual (CSM) must be approved by ___. Select the ONE phrase, that, most likely, accurately completes the above statement:
The ship-owner in consultation with the classification society.
The classification society in consultation with the ship owner.
A classification society on behalf of a flag State.
The shipyard in consultation with the ship-owner and the naval architect.
High-cube dry cargo containers ___. Select the THREE phrases, which can correctly complete the statement:
回答
Open-top dry cargo containers ___. Select the ONE phrase, which best describes the statement:
Are normally used for bulk cargoes, that cannot be levelled.
Are normally used where surface ventilation of cargo is required.
Are normally used for cargoes with heights, that exceed the standard container height.
Can be over-stowed by other containers.
Type IMO 5 tank containers are specifically used for the carriage of ___. Select the ONE cargo type, that best completes the statement:
Liquefied petroleum gases.
Ordinary liquids.
Bulk materials.
Fruit juice.
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