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Home Online tests CBT Bulk Carrier MASTER / Ch-Officer Test for seafarers about Hatch Cover Maintenance on Bulk Carrier (CBT)
Online testing: Test for seafarers about Hatch Cover Maintenance on Bulk Carrier (CBT)
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The test consists of 80 random questions.
Total questions on this topic: 98
Total questions on this topic: 98
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Why might a chalk test be favoured over other forms of test in certain circumstances?
If loading has already been completed and there are suspicions that a hose test could present a risk to that cargo.
Because it gives a more reliable indication of conditions prevailing when the ship is at sea.
Because it delivers a more even measurement of the seal around the entire hatch coaming.
Because it is the method most favoured by cargo surveyors.
In which of the following operational conditions would a seal with a sponge core with an outer skin made of nitrile rubber commonly be used?
For oil cargoes on an OBO vessel.
Where there are very heavy hatch covers.
On side-rolling cover fitted to a bulk-carrier.
On vessel with large open hatchways, where coaming movement will be a problem.
How should the use of hatch sealing tape and other sealants generally be viewed?
They must never be seen as an acceptable alternative to good and thorough maintenance or proper repairs.
They should always be used in case the hatch cover and seal are defective.
They provide a cheap solution to minor defects.
They provide an adequate solution to major weather tightness problems over a short length of voyage.
It is February 3rd. You have just loaded a cargo of gravel in Trondheim, Northern Norway. You anticipate that, if you close the cargo hatches, the rubber hatch seal may stick to the compression bar. What can you do to prevent this?
Spread a non-organic grease or commercial glycerine on the compression bar prior to closure.
Heat the rubber hatch seal with steam immediately prior to closure.
Replace the hatch seal with special reinforced compound sealing material.
Apply whale grease to both the compression bar and the hatch seal surface 15 minutes before closing the hatch.
Under standard operating conditions and with proper handling, what might the expected life expectancy of a rubber hatch seal be (as quoted in this program)?
4-5 years.
6 months.
1 year.
2 years.
10-12 years.
Which of the following are common patterns of cross-joint cleat? Select all applicable answers:
Manual.
Screw.
Quick-acting.
Automatic.
Hydraulically-actuated.
Answer
What general rule does this program suggest designers of hatch covers, those who maintain them and those who operate them should direct their efforts towards?
Defending the thin line where the compression bar and the seal rubber meet.
Minimizing the time delays due to opening and closing of hatch covers.
Ensuring seals must be resilient or elastic enough to make up for hull and coaming deformations.
That intervals between replacement of hatch seals are maximised.
What normally determines the size of lift-away (pontoon) covers on container ships?
That they are capable of being lifted by shore-side container gantry cranes.
That they are capable of supporting a minimum four-stack of 40′ containers.
That they are fitted with an adequate number of anti-lift bolts to resist anticipated upward forces generated by stacks of containers as identified in the ship’s cargo handling manual.
That the longitudinal length of any one hatch cover does not exceed 0,25 of the registered length of the vessel on which it is fitted and the width is not more than 0,85 of the moulded breadth.
Which of the following, as highlighted in this module, are known to regularly block drainage channels and non-return valves? Select all applicable answers:
Cargo residues.
Hatch sealing tape.
High-expansion foam.
Seaweed.
Grease.
Answer
In terms of strength, what kind of loads must a hatch cover be able to withstand? Select all applicable answers:
Loads coming from inside the hatch covers, such as those due to sloshing water ballast.
Loads coming from outside the hatch, such as seawater over decks and hatches.
Loads coming from cargo loaded on top of hatch covers.
Loads produced by adjacent holds.
Pressure build-up in the hydraulic system during opening and closing.
Answer
If there has been water ingress on passage, how will this normally be seen?
It will usually follow the pattern of the cross-joint and coaming seals.
It will be under the most forward panel on a hatch.
It will be on the centreline.
It will be at the sides of the cargo, having run down the sides of the hold.
What controls the geometry of seal compression on hatch covers?
The steel-to-steel contact.
The weight of the hatch cover.
The thickness of the compression bar.
The length of the chains or wires.
The dimensions of the hatch cover.
In a four-panel arrangement, the cylinders are operated once the cleats are all released, causing the first, or “leading” pair of panels to peak. At this time, what is happening to the second pair of panels?
The wheels of the “trailing pair” roll up onto their trackways.
They are also “peaking” in parallel.
Nothing is happening to the second pair of panels. They are totally independent.
The third panel is raised at 45° and the fourth is about to begin elevating.
What type of hatch cover is frequently fitted with an indirect cross-joint cleating arrangement, where wedge-shaped battening devices attached to the covers engage in coaming sockets, causing the panels to be forced together as they are lowered onto the coaming?
Side-rolling covers.
Four panel folding covers.
Stacking covers.
Pontoon covers.
What are the two main aspects to the maintenance of hatch covers in service, as identified in this program?
Anti-corrosion activities.
Routine maintenance of the system.
Statutory periodic inspections.
Replacement of the seals.
Overhaul of the cleats.
Answer
Why is a chalk test considered to have limited value in establishing the water tightness of a cargo hatch cover?
Because it gives no indication of the amount of seal compression that exists when the ship is actually underway in a seaway.
Because it does not show where the rubber comes into contact with the compression bar.
Because it is out carried out at sea.
Because it is carried out before any cargo is loaded.
Because compression of the seal is marginal.
In a side-opening rack and pinion hatch cover arrangement, what is the function of the “pot lifts”?
To raise a short section of rail to bring the rolling wheels up to the running level.
To deliver power to the rolling wheels.
To drive the continuous wire connecting (and opening) both panels.
To maintain the seal compression.
Which of the following is a description of the purpose of locators?
To keep the seals and the hatch cover in the correct alignment with the compression bar and coaming, yet still provide enough clearance to avoid the hatch covers picking up main hull forces when the ship is moving at sea.
To maintain the precise extent of penetration of the hatch cover seal rubber by the compression bar on the coaming and prevent the ingress of water into the hold.
To mechanically engage wedges on the hatch cover with matching wedges on the coaming, firmly holding the hatch cover in place once closed.
To prevent corrosion and wear on the support pads.
What is the class requirement for a hose test?
Nozzle of 15-18 mm in diameter, water pressure of about 2 bar, the jet of water aimed not more than 1 metre from, and directly at, every part of the sealing areas, moved at not more than 1 metre per 3 seconds, where the hatch covers are closed and cleated.
Nozzle of 10-15 mm in diameter, water pressure of about 3 bar, the jet of water aimed not more than 1 metre from, and directly at, every part of the sealing areas, moved at not more than 1 metre per 10 seconds, where the hatch covers are closed but not cleated.
Nozzle of 20-24 mm in diameter, water pressure of about 1,5 bar, the jet of water aimed not more than 1,5 metres from, and directly at, every part of the sealing areas, moved at not more than 1 metre per 5 seconds on the cross-joints and 1 metre per 3 seconds on the peripheral joints, where the hatch covers are closed and cleated.
After defective seals, what is one of the largest causes of serious cargo damage resulting from ingress of water, as highlighted in this module?
Blockage of the drain channels, non-return valves or socks by cargo residues.
Distorted cargo hatches.
Heavy weather.
Blocked bilges.
In terms of the safety of a hatch cover, what are the appropriate considerations? Select all applicable answers:
It must be able to be operated without endangering personnel up to the maximum angles of heel and trim which are specified.
It must be able to be fully secured in the open position and released without endangering.
All fittings used for routine or emergency operation must be of adequate strength.
The vertical edges must be marked with luminous paint.
Wires and chains used for opening and closing must be tested monthly.
Answer
Which of the following must there be a comprehensive record of, in order to be able to demonstrate “due diligence”?
Regular maintenance.
Inspections.
Repairs.
All associated classification survey histories.
Answer
Article III, rule 1 of the Hague-Visby Rules requires the carrier to fulfil which of the following conditions? Select all applicable answers:
Make the ship seaworthy.
Properly man, equip and supply the ship.
Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.
Man, equip and supply the ship to minimum cost.
Make the holds, tanks, refrigerating compartments and other spaces generally clean and fit for the carriage of goods that are not designated for human consumption.
Answer
Which of the following is the definition of “weather tightness”, as given in this program?
That in any sea condition water will not penetrate into the ship.
That in normal sea conditions, any water ingress past the hatch seals can be suitably controlled without the application of additional defensive measures.
That a minimal amount of water will penetrate if the hatch is impacted by excessively heavy weather conditions.
As identified in the applicable reading drawn from the IACS empirical scale for hatch cover thickness, based on distance from the bow of the ship.
In order to understand the basic principle behind hatch cover design, how must the hatch be considered?
As a dynamic (mobile) object on the coaming.
As a static object on the coaming.
As a rigid object on the coaming.
As an open area continually exposed to salt water.
If it is assumed that the covers have been properly installed, which of the following lead to the majority of the problems of accelerated wear of hatch seals? Select all applicable answers:
Unexpectedly large relative movement between hatch cover and coaming.
Large vertical deflections of hatch cover corners, due to solar heating of the top plating, or when cargo is loaded on top.
Blocked drain channels or non-return valves.
Improperly sited locators.
Loads coming from inside the hatch covers, such as those due to sloshing water ballast.
Over-compression caused by corrosion or breakdown of the steel-to-steel contact.
Answer
Which of the following age brackets are particularly associated with defective hatch covers?
10-20 years.
0-1 year.
0-10 years.
20-30 years.
What is the function of the non-return valves fitted to the drain pipes at the corners of the coamings?
To permit water to drain freely onto the deck but stop water from the deck entering the hold.
To permit air to enter the hold and allow water to drain freely onto the deck.
To stop water from, but allow air into, the hold.
To allow water to drain from and allow air into, the drain pipes.
Which of the following are considered to be the most common forms of hatch cover type? Select all applicable answers:
Folding covers.
Rolling covers.
Stacking covers.
Lift-away (pontoon) covers.
Floating covers.
Answer
Which of the following can be seen as potential limitations of a hose test? Select all applicable answers:
The surveyor has to go inside the hold to look for leaks.
The source of a leak may be difficult to locate, as water may run along the edge of the hatch before it drops off into the hold.
The application of the water jet on the deck above may not be everything that the surveyor might wish.
Accumulation of water in the drainage system may also be difficult to detect.
The risk presented by a hold which is already loaded and the suspicion of leakage.
Because it gives no indication of the amount of seal compression that exists when the ship is actually underway in a seaway.
Answer
When considering the strength of a hatch cover, what kind of loads must it be able to withstand? Select all applicable answers:
Loads coming from inside the hatch covers, such as those due to sloshing water ballast.
Loads coming from outside the hatch, such as seawater over decks and hatches.
Loads coming from cargo loaded on top of hatch covers.
Loads produced by adjacent holds, when loaded.
Answer
Which of the following may be considered as key design elements of hatch design? Select all applicable answers:
Strength.
Safety.
Accessibility.
Resistance to humidity.
Answer
What is the name given to the restrained devices fitted to hatch covers to absorb longitudinal and athwart ships forces that will be experienced due to the motion of the ship when at sea?
Locators.
Implanters.
Indicators.
Containers.
Wedges.
Cross-joints.
Which of the following is checked at an annual survey? Select all applicable answers:
Evidence of any significant changes to the hatch cover system since the last survey.
The condition of seals, compression bars, tracks, cleats, stoppers and the panel structures.
Watertightness, as established by a hose test or equivalent.
Thickness measurements of plate and structural stiffeners.
Answer
In which of the following operational conditions would an extruded hollow section seal commonly be used?
On side-rolling cover fitted to a bulk-carrier.
For oil cargoes on an OBO vessel.
Where the vessel trades in Arctic conditions.
On vessel with large open hatchways, where coaming movement will be a problem.
In terms of the sealing of a hatch cover, what are the design requirements? Select all applicable answers:
The seal must be resilient or elastic enough to make up for hull and coaming deformations.
The seal must be easily maintained.
The seal must be suitable for expected weather conditions.
Answer
In additional to ensuring that cleats are properly applied, which of the following are checks that would be made as the hatches were being secured after closure? Select all applicable answers:
Cross-joint wedges all present and hammered home.
Cross-joint bolts (if fitted) are all be engaged and made tight.
On single-pull hatches, all of the eccentric wheels must be turned to the correct position to lower the hatch panels.
If hydraulic hook or wedge cleats are fitted, they must be checked for correct engagement.
Answer
Which of the following do industry statistics indicate as being the cause of a high proportion of reported cargo-worthiness defects?
Hatch covers, their seals and securing arrangements.
Cargo containers.
Cargo handling cranes, wires and control systems.
Untypical weather conditions.
You have just replaced the seal on number 2 hatch. What should you do now?
Measure the seal compression and record it.
Secure the lid as tightly as possible and leave it closed until arrival; in the next port.
Measure the groove in the seal in the forward corners of the hatch.
Compare the appearance of the new seal to that of the old seal.
Which of the following may be considered as key design elements of hatch design? Select all applicable answers:
Strength.
Security.
Sealing.
Support.
Answer
If coaming movements are expected to be significant, what type of seal will the designer commonly consider fitting?
A sliding rubber seal.
A solid seal.
A hollow section seal.
A seal comprising of a sponge core with outer skin.
A double lip seal.
An inflatable seal.
Who are best placed to continuously monitor the operational condition of hatch covers and sealing arrangements on board?
The ship’s officers and crew.
Cargo surveyors.
The company superintendent.
Stevedores.
What is the minimum length of any piece of rubber seal inserted during a repair, as recommended in this module?
500 mm.
700 mm.
300 mm.
200 mm.
750 mm.
1 000 mm.
Which of the following figure in the top ten reasons for cargo damage based on water damage, as listed in this chapter?
Seal-rubber permanent set beyond the point of replacement.
Seal rubber torn, displaced or missing.
Poor quality or temporary seal “fixes”.
Wastage of steel support pads or coaming side plates.
Answer
Which of the following have the longer working life?
Galvanised cleats.
Untreated steel cleats.
Before attempting to open the hatch covers, what should happen to all cross-joint cleats and wedges?
They should be disengaged.
They should be engaged.
They should be greased.
They should be examined for signs of wear or failure.
Defective hatch covers are particularly associated with vessels of which of the following age brackets?
10-20 years.
0-3 years.
5-10 years.
25-30 years.
What is the unique different design feature in a side-rolling, chain-drive “piggy-back” hatch cover arrangement?
A dumb panel with no wheels is lifted by hydraulic lift cylinders fitted to the coaming, a rolling panel is moved underneath it and the dumb panel is lowered onto the rolling panel, which is then driven to one side as the hatch is opened.
No direct hydraulic power is used and the hatches are opened by an arrangement of wires or chains.
The panels are lifted one on top of the other at one end of the hatch coaming by means of a travelling gantry crane.
A special flexible hinge arrangement allows the hatch cover to turn through 180° and fold back on top of an adjacent panel.
In order to be able to demonstrate “due diligence”, which of the following must there be a comprehensive record of?
Regular maintenance.
Inspections.
Repairs.
Testing.
All associated classification survey histories.
Answer
How is a chalk test carried out?
Chalk is spread on the compression bar and the hatch is then closed; when it is re-opened, the seal is examined for the absence of chalk at any point, which indicates a lack of contact.
Chalk is spread on the compression bar and the hatch is then closed; when it is re-opened, the seal is examined for the presence of chalk at any point, which indicates a lack of contact.
Chalk is spread on the hatch cover seal and the hatch is then closed; when it is re-opened, the seal is examined for traces of cargo in the chalk, which indicates a leak.
Chalk is spread on the compression bar and the hatch is then closed and sealed; water is applied by hose; when the hatch is re-opened, any leak will be indicated by blue discoloration of the chalk where water has penetrated.
Who performs the statutory annual survey on the hatch covers?
A classification society surveyor.
The superintendent.
The master.
The chief engineer.
The company safety manager.
A port-state control inspector.
A cargo surveyor.
When de-ballasting is about to start, why is it necessary to have the vents on water-ballast hatches open?
If they are closed, the tank may collapse under vacuum.
Because it is a requirement on the safety checklist.
Because it makes cleaning easier.
If they are closed, they may be forgotten when the ship goes to sea.
Where would you find information on routine maintenance, operation and safety issues related to hatch covers, including the greasing program for various components, notes on the care of wire ropes and fittings and details of the hydraulic system?
The operating and maintenance manual.
The classification society handbook.
SOLAS.
The spares catalogue.
A prime cause of early failure of hatch seals is over-compression caused by corrosion or breakdown of the steel-to-steel contact. Cleats are then frequently over-tightened in an attempt to compensate. But what types of failure does this action commonly result in? Select all applicable answers:
Accelerated wear on the seal.
Fracture of the cleat assembly.
Misalignment of the hatch cover.
Possible structural collapse at the hatch corners.
Distortion of the roller wheels.
Answer
What is the minimum length of any straight piece of rubber seal inserted during a repair, as recommended in this module?
500 mm.
700 mm.
300 mm.
200 mm.
750 mm.
1 000 mm.
What is “permanent set”?
The groove in the hatch seal face, resulting from the loss of elasticity.
The exact position in which the hatch cover rests when closed.
The limit of good steel on the compression bar down to which steel deterioration may be considered acceptable.
The group of hatch seals which are in continuous contact with the coaming compression bar when the hatch is closed.
The exact angle at which the hatch cover lies when closed.
The distance from the outer edge of a rubber hatch cover seal to the middle of the groove created by the penetration of the compression bar, measured in mm and averaged from readings taken on all four sides of the hatch.
In additional to those items that would normally be covered at an annual survey, which of the following is checked at a 5-year special survey? Select all applicable answers:
Water tightness, as established by a hose test or equivalent.
Thickness measurements of plate and structural stiffeners.
Class approval of all maintenance records.
Measurement of any clearances between the hatch cover wheels and the trackway when the hatch is in the last 10 % of movement before reaching the stops.
Answer
The Hague-Visby Rules require the carrier to properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried. The “carefully-to-carry” clause includes which of the following requirements?
That the ship-owner and the master of the ship must understand the nature of the cargo carried and the extent of the precautions necessary to look after it.
That the ship-owner must understand the process of wear and tear resulting from the carriage of cargo and ensure the master pursues a program of regular inspection and maintenance.
That the charterer must understand the nature of the cargo carried and ensure the ship-owner and master of the ship exercise due diligence in its carriage.
That the master of a vessel will exercise due diligence in his responsibilities to the owner of the cargo, the operator of the vessel and to the environment.
When considering the security of a hatch cover arrangement, what measures must be incorporated in the design specification? Select all applicable answers:
There must be means fitted to prevent the hatch cover sliding longitudinally or athwart ships when at sea.
There must be means of keeping the hatch cover in contact with the coaming.
Cleats need to be resilient to allow for small horizontal and vertical coaming movements at sea.
There must be no more than two pairs of peripheral cleats and six cross-joint cleats per panel.
Answer
In respect of any repairs to hatch covers, with whom does the ultimate responsibility lie under the laws governing the carriage of goods by sea?
The ship-owner.
The designated subcontractor.
The ship’s officers.
The charterer.
Which two areas have been specifically identified in this chapter as being vital to the safe and successful execution of the cargo handling process?
Good maintenance.
Proper operational procedures.
Design.
The ship’s Safety Management System.
Answer
Which of the following are acknowledged challenges to the ship’s officers and crew, in terms of maintenance of their hatch covers and associated fittings? Select all applicable answers:
The prevailing weather, climate and operating environment.
Availability of crew for maintenance.
Restrictions on opening hatches imposed by the vessel being at sea.
Short turnaround time in port.
Pressure to reduce or control costs and delay expenditure.
Answer
In which of the following operational conditions would a solid rubber seal commonly be used? Select all applicable answers:
Where there are very heavy hatch covers.
Where the vessel trades in Arctic conditions.
For oil cargoes on an OBO vessel.
On vessel with large open hatchways, where coaming movement will be a problem.
Answer
In determining when a hatch cover seal has reached the point when it needs to be replaced, what general “rule of thumb” is commonly applied?
When permanent set reaches half the design compression.
When permanent set reaches full design compression.
When a groove is seen in the seal.
After not less than 9 months and not more than 15 months service.
When impact damage or localized corrosion is found on the top of the compression bar.
When it appears as a recommendation following a Class survey.
The annual survey of hatch covers is carried out in compliance with which of the following? Select all applicable answers:
Class requirements.
The requirements of the authority assigning the load-line.
The Suez Canal Authority.
The Panama Canal Authority.
Port state control.
Answer
What is considered to be an acceptable reading in an ultrasonic test? As per the general industry standard quoted in this module.
Any reading less than 10 % of the open-hatch reading.
Any reading less than 10 % of the closed-hatch reading.
Any reading more than 10 % of the open-hatch reading.
Any reading more than 1 % of the closed-hatch reading.
What obligation is there on the ship-owner, in respect of the carriage of goods by sea?
To exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy.
To carry goods in the most expeditious manner, irrespective of risk.
To be seen to comply with the prevailing regulations when audited or inspected.
To carry a copy of the Hague-Visby rules on board.
As quoted in this chapter, which of the features listed below, render all hatch covers potentially dangerous? Select all applicable answers:
They move quite quickly, very often with no audible or visible alarms to give warning of their movement.
They are manoeuvred by heavily-loaded wire arrangements, hydraulic cylinders or chains and often make use of gravity, particularly when closing.
They are generally slow moving, which makes their movement difficult to detect.
They are controlled by wires and chains, which could part at any time if the weight of the hatch comes on them unexpectedly.
Answer
What will an inspection prior to discharge primarily establish?
Whether the measures taken in sealing the hatch after loading were successful.
Whether there is any damage to the hatch cover panels.
Whether there is any damage to the trackway.
Whether the hatch was closed properly.
For four panel hatch covers, two types of mechanism have been described for lifting the “trailing pair”. Which are they?
A link mechanism.
A bell crank.
A quick-acting cleat.
A trackway.
Answer
Which of the following may be seen as arguments against using hatch sealing tape? Select all applicable answers:
It can lead to a false sense of security.
If the tape is applied over cross-joint drain holes, any water ingress due to partial loss of the tape is trapped in the cross-joint.
Complete sealing of the cross-joint is usually difficult because of the various cleats and other units across the joint.
The tape can cause deterioration and accelerated corrosion of the coating system at the cross-joint.
Answer
In additional to ensuring that cleats are properly applied, which of the following are checks that would be made as the hatches were being secured after closure? Select all applicable answers:
Cross-joint wedges all present and hammered home.
The position of external locators in their sockets or wedges should be noted.
If cargo is to be loaded on top of the covers, check that the type and quantity of cargo proposed is within the loading limits of the covers.
All crane jibs and derricks are checked as properly secured.
Answer
Which of the following are among the critical hatch cover spares to be carried on board, as recommended in this program? Select all applicable answers:
Cleats.
Seals.
Running wheels and bearings.
Chain links.
Wire ferrules and hard eyes.
Answer
You are to carry out some minor repairs to a hatch coaming. The vessel is at sea. Which of the following measures should be in place prior to commencing the work? Select all applicable answers:
Ensure the covers are fully secured when open.
Ensure that safety fences are rigged to prevent falls into empty holds.
Ensure that adequate slack is present in all wires and chains.
Ensure moving covers can travel freely.
Answer
What technique do automatic cleats employ to hold the hatch firmly in place once closed?
Wedges on the hatch cover engaging mechanically in matching wedges on the coaming.
They slide across like a wedge bolts.
They are applied and tightened using hydraulic cylinders to provide the force.
They are dropped into place and then tightened up with a spanner.
In terms of the sealing of a hatch cover, what are the design requirements? Select all applicable answers:
Water must be kept out of the ships holds.
Cargo must be kept inside the holds.
Seal materials must be compatible with cargo carried.
Answer
What additional fixtures are found on lift-away (pontoon) covers?
Large locators, to absorb the forces caused by deformation of the coaming when the ship is working in a seaway.
Quick-acting cleats.
Elliptical drive wheels.
A bell crank on each side.
If a ship’s hatches have been properly maintained and closed securely and properly, but are found to have leaked in abnormally severe weather, which of the following may form evidence that may be submitted in defence of a cargo claim? Select all applicable answers:
Standing instructions.
Reports and other related correspondence.
Log book entries.
Photographs.
Answer
Which of the following must there be a comprehensive record of, in order to be able to demonstrate “due diligence”?
Testing.
Repairs.
Personnel on board at the time of any cargo-related incidents or structural failures.
Communications with the vessel’s superintendent.
Answer
You are carrying out maintenance on number 3 hatch cover. The permanent set has reached half the design compression in places and there are signs of wear. You have cut out two metres of bad seal along the port side. What length of rubber will you actually cut to insert in its place?
2,06 m.
2 m.
1,94 m.
2,03 m.
1,97 m.
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