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When describing the characteristics of oil cargoes or oil/water slops, a “mercaptan” is:
A device fitted to a cargo pump which automatically alerts the operator once traces of water start to be detected during discharge.
A chemical additive blended with crude oil to inhibit the natural “rotten egg” smell associated with certain grades.
The component of hydrocarbon-based cargoes which is formed from Merolion Carbonized Tannin.
A colourless, odorous gas, with a smell similar to rotting cabbage and which is generated naturally by the degredation of natural organisms, as may be found where water has remained under oil for a long time.
The Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) test is commonly used for measuring:
The absolute vapour pressure of the liquid at 37,8 °C.
The absolute vapour pressure of the liquid at 15,6 °C.
The absolute vapour pressure of the liquid at 38,7 °C.
The absolute vapour pressure of the liquid at 59 °C.
The one particular hazard to be taken care against, when using portable steam driven blowers for ventilating oil cargo tanks is:
That plastic extension tubes should not be used, in case the top collar overheats and melts, causing the tube to drop into the tank.
That prolonged use may cause the core material of the fan to heat up to a point where it may become a source of ignition.
That the steam outlet must point vertically upwards to avoid possibly burning the legs of passing personnel.
That the exhaust does not vent into the cargo tank, in order to prevent possible build-up of static electricity.
Ship’s cargo pump room alarm must be automatically activated when levels of hydrocarbon gas concentration are:
No higher than 10 % of LEL.
No higher than 5 % of LEL.
No higher than 15 % of LEL.
How many square metres does the IAMSAR Volume 3 manual suggest may be calmed by releasing 200 litres of lubricating oil slowly through a rubber hose with the outlet maintained just above the surface while the ship proceeds at slow speed?
Approx 500 square metres.
Approx 5 000 square metres.
Approx 50 000 square metres.
During Crude Oil Washing, those areas of the cargo tanks which are not directly struck by the oil jet from the tank washing machines are referred to as:
Which of the following is a definition of a petroleum product which is “non-flammble”?
Petroleum having a flash point of 80 °C or above, as determined by the closed cup method of test.
Petroleum having a flash point of 60 °C or above, as determined by the closed cup method of test.
Petroleum having a flash point of 100 °C or above, as determined by the closed cup method of test.
With reference to oil cargo calculations, API refers to:
American Petroleum Institute.
Approved Petroleum Inspector.
Oil tankers built and delivered after 6th July 1986 may have wing ballast tanks that extend throughout the cargo tank length. In this case the design feature against pollution in the event of the bottom being breached is that:
Additional level sensors and alarms must be fitted to give early warning of oil outflow.
Steel thickness in the bottom area must be a minimum of 1,36 times that otherwise required by construction regulations to minimise the extent of any breach.
The cargo tank levels must be set so that hydrostatic pressure will stop oil outflow.
The pressure vacuum valves must be capable of complete sealing, and the integral strength of the tank such that a total vacuum is capable of being maintained in the breached compartment, thereby preventing outflow of oil.
The approximate API gravity of Arabian Light Crude is:
The purpose of the demister unit within the Inert Gas System is:
To remove water from the IGS stream.
To remove sulphur oxides.
Special Areas as per MARPOL are:
Specific geographical sea areas in which special mandatory measures for the prevention of sea pollution by oil are required.
Specific geographical sea areas, designated as Marine Conservation Areas by the United Nations, in which any discharge from the cargo area of an oil tanker is strictly controlled.
All sea areas within 50 miles from the nearest land, where that coastal state is a signatory to MARPOL.
Limited ocean and sea areas, listed under the OPA-90 Act, inside which the discharge of oil is prohibited and the penalty for doing so is an unlimited fine and jail sentence.
DG placards shall be located on a freight container:
One on each end and one on each side.
One of the back end and one on one of the sides (only).
Crude oils may be considered to consist:
A natural mixture of carbon and sulphur isomers.
A refined blend of hydrocarbon compounds and sulphur extracts.
A mixture of carbon extracts and naturally occurring wax.
A natural mixture of simple and complex hydrocarbon compounds.
At which of the following concentrations of Hydrogen Sulphide might a person experience dizziness, fatigue and memory loss?
As per the IMDG Code, “Marine Pollutant” is defined as:
A substance which is subject to the provisions of Chapter V of SOLAS 1974 as amended.
A substance which is subject to the provisions of Annex III of MARPOL.
Any substance which is deemed hazardous to the marine environment.
As per MARPOL, the formula for calculating the minimum draft amidships for crude tankers in ballast condition is:
Your vessel is in an area of restricted visibility. You hear this sound signal. What does it mean?
That there is a vessel in distress nearby.
That there is a vessel engaged in underwater operations in the vicinity. She has divers down.
That there is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity.
That there is a vessel aground in the vicinity.
As per MARPOL, the contents of lines and pumps on a crude oil tanker at completion of discharge must be:
Drained and then pumped either ashore, or to a cargo tank or slop tank on board.
That they be drained directly (and only) to shore.
That they be cleared to shore by the use of compressed air.
That agreement be reached at the pre-cargo conference as to whether the ship or shore facility are to receive the “unpumpable product remaining in lines and pumps” and the appropriate side then clear the lines to the other by any appropriate means.
The reporting of incidents involving harmful substances and/or marine pollutants is regulated under:
The UN Convention on the Reporting of Accidents and Incidents which Present a Hazard to the Marine Environment 2004.
Appendix B of the Supplement to the IMDG Code
With reference to oil cargo characteristics, “cloud point” is:
The temperature at which an oil product begins to emit vapours which can be observed in a spectroscope due to the volume of solid particles extracted during evaporation.
The depth within a cargo above which no waxy solids are entrained.
The temperature at which a liquid hydrocarbon begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance, due to the bonding of constituent paraffin compounds.
When discharging dirty ballast from an oil tanker at a high flow rate with main cargo pumps, the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil is calculated by formula:
Instantaneous rate of discharge (l/nm) = oil content (ppm) · flow rate (m3/h) / speed (knots) · 1 000.
Instantaneous rate of discharge (l/nm) = oil content (ppm) · 1 000 / flow rate (l/h) · speed (knots).
Instantaneous rate of discharge (ml/nm) = oil content (ml/nm) · flow rate (l/m) / speed (knots) · 100.
A tanker in ballast, having recently left the discharge port is involved in a collision. The two vessels are still interlocked after the collision and a survey of the ships gives all crew members are safe and the damage is focussed to the vicinity of the impact. What should be the greatest concern at this time?
When the two vessels separate one (or both) of the vessels will have insufficient stability to remain afloat.
The vessels moving together will create even greater damage to their structures.
The possibility of pollution.
The ships moving together in the swell/seaway will cause a spark and consequently an explosion.
What is a VPR (OPA-90)?
Vessel Response Procurement.
As per international regulations, the minimum inert gas pressure required to be maintained in slop tanks if slops are retained on board is:
What are the three volumes of the IAMSAR Manual?
A – Command and Control; B – Communications; C – Rescue Procedures.
I – Planning and Preparation; II – Rescue Control; III – Reference.
I – Organization; II – Communications; III – Rescue Procedures.
I – Organization and Management; II – Mission Co-ordination; III – Mobile Facilities.
When an inhibitor is added to an oil cargo, the items mentioned on the accompanying certificate include:
Inhibitor name; amount added; date added; period of efficiency; precautions if voyage length exceeds that period; eventual temperature limitation.
Inhibitor class; amount added; date of expiry; minimum period of optimum efficiency; precautions to be taken when added; minimum temperature requirement.
Inhibitor name; percentage applied; date of expiry; precautions to be taken on voyage and interval of application; maximum temperature at which continuously effective.
Inhibitor class; percentage blended; date added; maximum period of efficiency and applicable temperature limits; maximum storage period on board; contact number of manufacturer.
What is the purpose of girders in the tank?
They support the stiffeners.
They transfer all sea forces acting on the plating.
They transfer all the cargo forces acting on the plating.
They support the stiffeners and also take up some of the sea forces.
Fluid driven eductors operate on Bernoulli’s principle, which states that:
The discharge rate is inversely proportional to the pressure applied in the drive inlet.
The increase in pressure at the eductor inlet is inversely proportional to the decrease in pressure as measured at the discharge orifice.
The speed of a moving fluid increases as the pressure in the fluid decreases.
The volume of a fluid increases as the pressure in it decreases.
The DoS addresses the responsibility for the security of the water around the ship and the verification of increased threat levels.
If the shipper wishes to ensure that a vessel or her operators will not be held responsible for any damage that may arise from the carrier issuing a clean Bill of Lading, even though the Mate’s receipt is marked as “unclean”, such a document is called the:
An addendum to the Bill of Lading.
Every oil tanker of 5 000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered on or after 1 February 2002 shall comply with intact stability whereby it must have a minimum GM (metacentric height) in port of:
What is to be considered when deciding the position of the accommodation on an oil tanker?
A single failure of deck or bulkhead shall not allow fumes into the accommodation spaces.
They must be at the after end of the vessel.
There are no restrictions to the position of the accommodation.
What is the ideal maximum viscosity at which crude oil cargoes are best discharged for maximum efficiency of centrifugal pumps:
Segregated Ballast Tanks on an oil tanker may best be defined as:
Cargo tanks which may be used for the carriage of ballast.
Cargo tanks which each have their own individual pumps, are fitted with independent piping systems and are served by unconnected ventilation arrangements.
Tanks which are completely separate from cargo or fuel oil systems, being permanently allocated to the carriage of ballast and fitted with their own pumps and associated piping.
Cargo tanks which may be used for ballast, where the lines are not connected to the Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment.
Any person who can assume overall charge of the ships crude oil washing operation must have:
They must have at least six months experience on tankers, be knowledgeable of the cleaning procedures and equipment applicable on board the vessel and be able to fully demonstrate understanding of the operation of the ODME equipment.
At least 12 months appropriate experience on oil tankers, have participated in at least two COW programmes and be fully knowledgeable of the contents of the Operations and Equipment Manual.
They must have at least three months experience on tankers, have participated in at least six washing operations and be aware of the procedures associated with the completion of the Oil Record Book.
For a vessel proceeding enroute, located more than 50 nm from nearest land outside a special area and having in operation its ODME, the maximum instantaneous rate of an oily water mixture is:
30 litres per nautical mile.
300 litres per nautical mile.
60 litres per nautical mile.
Under the ISM Code the provision of individual control measures for specific work-related tasks exist in the:
Definition of supervisory responsibilities.
Documentation of individual job descriptions.
The maximum oxygen content by volume permitted in the cargo tanks throughout the crude oil washing operation is:
Master of every ship must provide:
Facilities to conduct training whenever required by the training officer.
A link between the shipboard training officer and the company training officer ashore.
The training during crews working hours only.
Proper rest to the crew after each training programme.
Besides danger of vapour inhalation by crewmembers, if Hydrogen Sulphide is present in high concentrations in crude oil, it can also cause:
As per the IMDG Code, “Proper Shipping Name” is defined as:
The correct chemical name of a potentially hazardous material, as identified from the Chemical Cargo List.
The name under which a dangerous material, substance or article is described for export purposes in the country of loading.
The name assigned by the manufacturer to a material, substance or article for the purposes of shipment.
The name to be used in any documentation relating to the transportation of the dangerous substance, material or article, such as on forms, labels and placards.
You are on a sailing vessel, underway in open water. This vessel is sighted on the starboard bow, on a steady bearing and the distance is closing. By the International Regulations for the Preventing Collisions at Sea, what action will you follow?
Risk of collision is deemed to exist and, as the other vessel is on a steady bearing on my starboard side, I will maintain my course and speed.
This vessel is clearly a power-driven vessel and I anticipate that the bearing will therefore close and she will pass ahead at a safe distance.
Risk of collision is deemed to exist and, as the other vessel is on a steady bearing on my starboard side, I am required to keep out of the way. I will make a broad alteration of course to starboard.
By Rule 18, a power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of a sailing vessel. I will maintain my course and speed, but will continue to monitor situation to ensure the other vessel takes avoiding action.
With reference to the exposure of “vapours” from oil cargoes, “Short Term Exposure Limit” value is determined by:
The airborne concentration of a toxic substance averaged over any 10 minute period, usually expressed in ppm.
The airborne concentration of a toxic substance averaged over any 15 minute period, usually expressed in ppm.
The airborne concentration of a toxic substance averaged over any 25 minute period, usually expressed in ppm.
The airborne concentration of a toxic substance averaged over any 30 minute period, usually expressed in ppm.
After efficient scrubbing of inert flue gas what would be the concentration of sulphur dioxide be:
A VLCC is to anchor in a depth of 80 meters in open water with moderate swell running. How many shackles of anchor chain should be used to ensure safely anchored?
The ODME printed record for ballast water discharge overboard from the cargo piping system on oil tankers operations must be retained on board for a minimum period:
Depending on the API, an error measurement of 0,1 degree Fahrenheit in a tank containing 300 000 barrels of oil will result in which of the following volumes?
The compensation payment by the charterer that is due when a vessel is unable to load/discharge her cargo within the allowed and contracted time is referred to as:
Contractual penalty discount.
The purpose of the decanting line between two slop tanks, where fitted, is:
To enable most of the recovered oil to be retained in the primary slop tank, while the cleaner part of the water will flow into the secondary slop tank, where it can be re-used as wash-water.
To avoid a build-up of static electricity during water washing, caused by air being drawn in as the primary slop tank empties.
To enable the filling of the secondary slop tank via the primary slop tank.
To enable both the primary and secondary slop tank to be filled without using the main cargo lines.
When in-service testing a hose used for cargo transfer on an oil tanker (and for which the elongation of the hose assembly when new was greater than 2,5 %), the maximum permitted elongation before the hose must be withdrawn from service should be:
Not more than 1,5 times the temporary elongation measured at the previous in-service test, as documented in the ship’s annual test record.
Not more than 1,5 times the temporary elongation measured when the hose assembly was new, as documented in the manufacturer’s certificate.
Not more than 1,25 times the temporary elongation measured when the hose assembly was last tested, as documented in the appropriate certificate.
As per MARPOL, Oil Record Book Part II, Cargo/Ballast Operations, must be carried and completed on oil tankers of:
150 gross tonnes and above.
20 gross tonnes and above.
50 gross tonnes and above.
What is the relationship between absolute pressure and gauge pressure?
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure.
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure – atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + barometric pressure.
The recommended guideline for avoiding the risk of electrostatic potential in a mist produced by using oil and water during Crude Oil Washing operations is that:
Crude Oil Washing, where the oil source is stored in a slop tank or other tank that has previously contained slops, should be avoided.
Before washing begins, any tank that is to be used as a source of oil for Crude Oil Washing should be partly discharged to remove any water that has settled out during the voyage. The discharge of a layer of at least 1 metre is necessary for this purpose.
If a slop tank is to be used to supply oil to drive a Crude Oil Washing operation in a cargo tank, then that slop tank must not have contained slops with a water content of more than 2 %.
When tank cleaning hoses are tested for electrical continuity, they must display a reading of:
Not greater than 6 ohms per metre length.
At least 8 ohms per metre length.
Not more than 10 ohms per metre length.
Which of the following type of crude oil requires special consideration in terms of carriage and cleaning?
On oil tankers, Cargo tanks can be isolated from machinery spaces by:
All the answers are good.
The chemical characteristics of effluent water from an inert gas scrubber and the condensate which collects in the deck mains would be:
What is the purpose of girders in the tank?
They transfer all the cargo forces acting on the plating.
They support the stiffeners and also take up some of the sea forces.
They transfer all sea forces acting on plating.
They support the stiffeners.
If W = Displacement, L = length, B = Breadth, D = depth of vessel, Cb = Block Coefficient, Cw = Coefficient of Waterplane, RD = Relative Density, then:
For security purposes, the IMDG Code should be read in conjunction with the:
Chapter XI-2 of SOLAS and Part A of the ISPS Code.
Part B of the ISPS Code and Chapter II of the Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Act.
IMO NVIC 24 and 46 CFR 2.05.
What is this?
The United Nations stamp used for endorsing international shipping certificates.
The United Nations Packaging symbol used for Dangerous Goods.
The identification stamp placed in the passport of a stowaway by an Immigration Officer to indicate that his or her nationality is “unknown”.
The “Unitary Nomenclature” symbol placed alongside the name of a dangerous cargo in shipping documents to indicate that it appears on the list of approved international shipping names.
To correctly report an oil spill in US waters:
The master of the vessel responsible for the spill must advise the Environmental Protection Agency National Incident Reporting Center (or the appropriate regional office) within 2 hours of the incident being reported to that person.
The person in charge must first report the spill to the National Response Center or, if not practicable, to the Environmental Protection Agency regional office or local US Coast Guard Marine Safety Office. This must be done immediately that person has knowledge of the spill.
The person responsible for the spill must report preliminary details to the appropriate State Police within 30 minutes of the accidental discharge taking place.
On board a crude oil tanker, guidance on the washing system and equipment along with the applicable operating procedures, can be found in:
The Oil Record Book – ship particulars page.
The Operating and Equipment (COW) Manual.
The ODME Operating Manual – manufacturer’s instruction section.
The scantling draft of an oil tanker fitted with segregated ballast tanks is:
The minimum draught amidships when in ballast condition.
The maximum draught determined by the Loadline Rules.
The draught for which the structural strength of the ship has been designed.
The examples of Aromatic Hydrocarbons will include:
Benzene, Toluene and Xylene.
Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide.
Propane, Butane and Pentane.
Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon Monoxide.
As per IMDG Code, the term “separated from” can be defined as:
Either in a vertical or horizontal separation: if the intervening decks are not resistant to fire and liquid, then only in a longitudinal separation is acceptable. For “on deck” stowage, this means a distance of at least 12 metres. This distance also applies to one package stowed “on deck” and another in an upper compartment.
In different compartments or holds when stowed “under deck”. Provided an intervening deck is resistant to fire and liquid, a vertical separation may be accepted as equivalent. For “on deck” stowage, this segregation means a distance of at least 6 metres.
With an intervening compartment, being both a vertical and horizontal separation. Provided an intervening deck is resistant to liquid and fire, a vertical separation of 6 metres is acceptable. For “on deck” stowage, this segregation means a distance of at least 12 metres irrespective of compartment divisions.
According to SOLAS, the mechanical ventilation system of the cargo pump room shall be capable of making:
At least 10 air changes per hour.
At least 20 air changes per hour.
At least 6 air changes per hour.
Prior carrying out a Crude Oil Washing operation, the tank from which the crude is to be used for washing is usually partially discharged. This is done so as to:
Ensure that all water settled in the tank is removed prior washing, so as to ensure that the fresh cargo can be loaded on top without fear of contamination.
Ensure that only the required quantity of oil are kept in the tank, so as to reduce the amount of slops retained on the ship.
Ensure that any settled water is removed from the tank and only “dry” crude is used for washing so as to avoid electrostatic hazards during washing.
As per SOLAS the Inert Gas System of an oil tanker must deliver the inert gas with a maximum level of oxygen of:
Not less than 8 % by volume.
Not more than 5 % by volume.
Between 8 % to 11 % by volume.
One particular group of hazardous goods that is highlighted by the IMDG Code as potentially being the most dangerous for carriage is:
When conducting a risk assessment for a shipboard work activity, the two elements to be considered are:
The chance of an incident re-occuring and the potential effects of an loss.
The available manpower and their experience in this type of work.
The potential severity of harm and the likelihood that harm will occur.
With reference to ship stability, the letters “TPC” stand for:
Tonnes per Centimetre Immersion.
Tipping Perimeter Centre.
Oil tankers of 70 000 tons and above, delivered after 31 December 1979 shall be:
No requirement regarding number of slop tanks.
Shall be provided with at least 2 slop tanks.
Shall be provided with slop tank.
The compensation payment by the charterer that is due when a vessel is unable to load/discharge her cargo within the allowed and contracted time is referred to as:
Contractual penalty discount.
The approximate Upper Flammable Limit of Crude Oil when measured as a percentage volume in air is:
As per the US Code of Federal Regulations, the current Oil Transfer Procedures for a vessel carrying out discharge in US ports must be:
That the procedures be legibly printed in a language or languages easily understood by personnel engaged in the transfer operation and permanently posted or available at a place where crew members can see and use them.
That the Master of the vessel engaged in a transfer shall, before commencing any transfer operation, ensure that all crew members involved in that operation shall be familiar with the applicable operating and emergency procedures and be capable of communicating in a common language with terminal operators.
That the procedures be available in hard-copy or electronic format to the Supervising Officer in a language with which he is familiar.
That the procedures be printed in the English and Spanish languages and permanently posted in the wheelhouse of the vessel.
Prior to discharging cargo from an oil tanker, “line displacement” is usually conducted to:
To balance a rigid cargo arm.
The calibration of the ship’s flow meter.
Verify the pipeline contents with previous grade have been replaced.
Which of the following best describes what the wax content of crude oil is?
The percentage of wax, expressed as a percentage, remaining in an oil product after distillation.
The percentage, by weight, of paraffinic wax found in a representative sample of the crude oil.
The observed volume percentage of waxy deposit found in a cargo tank after discharge in relation to the total volume of cargo previously carried.
The purpose of permanent continuous coamings fitted from side to side across the decks near the accommodation of an oil tanker is:
To keep deck spills away from the accommodation and service areas.
To reduce the effects of racking stresses.
To push the sea water shipped onto the deck over the sides of the ship.
To increase the strength of the deck structure.