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*Which of the following statements applies to fire doors in main vertical zone bulkheads and stairway enclosures in passenger ships?
They shall be of the self closing type
They shall be capable of closing with an angle of up to 3, 5° opposing closure
They shall be capable of being closed from a control station
All the mentioned alternatives
While the vessel is in a Red Sea port during August loading/discharging a hydrocarbon cargo, should the air suction for the accommodation be:
Placed on full recirculation.
Recirk. full open, fresh air intake closed.
Closed down all together.
A ship is being overtaken by another ship while proceeding along a river. What should be the required procedure?
The overtaking vessel can overtake but must allow sufficient space to reduce the interaction between the two vessels
The overtaking vessel should request permission from the other ship by sounding two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts on the whistle or by direct VHF contact.
There should be no overtaking in these confined waters
The overtaking vessel should request permission to overtake from the Port Control VTS
A tug is connected in a line at your bow. Will the bollard pull be the same at any speed?
Yes, the bollard is the same at any speed
No, when the speed exceeds 5 knots we have not much help in a tug
No, when the speed is increasing, the bollard is also increasing
We will have the best use of the tug when the ship makes sternway
Searchlights must be provided for night navigation in the Suez Canal. Which of the listed requirements are correct?
Vessels with bulbous bow, LPG- and LNG-vessels must provide their own projector
All vessels must provide their own projector
Only projectors hired from the Canal Mooring and Light Company are permitted
If vessels have their own projector, an extra fee will be levied on the vessel
If making a new pilot ladder onboard, which of the following ropes would you use in its construction as side ropes on which the steps are fastened?
You are in open water and clear conditions. You are approaching the pilot station when you hear this signal from a vessel ahead of you. What does it signify?
That the vessel is starting his engine and resuming his passage.
That the vessel is operating astern propulsion.
That the vessel is picking up his pilot.
That the vessel is altering his course to starboard.
If an inhibitor is added to an oil cargo, which of the following is a summary list of items to be included on its accompanying certificate?
Inhibitor name; amount added; date added; period of efficiency; precautions if voyage length exceeds that period; eventual temperature limitation.
Inhibitor class; amount added; date of expiry; minimum period of optimum efficiency; precautions to be taken when added; minimum temperature requirement.
Inhibitor class; percentage blended; date added; maximum period of efficiency and applicable temperature limits; maximum storage period on board; contact number of manufacturer.
Inhibitor name; percentage applied; date of expiry; precautions to be taken on voyage and interval of application; maximum temperature at which continuously effective.
What are the general cargo stowage requirements for cashew nut shell liquid in drums?
Stow away from foodstuffs
Stow away from paper products
You have just been handed six sample bottles by the cargo surveyor, containing Nitric Acid drawn from a cargo just loaded on your ship. How will you move them to the sample locker, prior to storage?
I will carry as many as I can in my arms in one go, but ensure first that I put on a pair of chemical-proof gloves.
I will instruct the cargo surveyor that he must deliver the samples to the locker himself.
I will obtain a plastic carrier bag, put the bottles inside and take them to the locker as quickly as possible.
I will place them into a proper container with a handle, such as a sample carrier or a strong bucket. When I move them, I will ensure that I am focused on this task alone.
Which of these is not covered in the chain register?
The engine room gantry crane
What should a cadet be aware of when using a needle gun?
A Cadet should be aware of the dangers associated with using a needle gun
A Cadet should be aware that the valve of a needle gun is not to be opened before starting to descale rust
A Cadet should be aware of the thickness of the needle gun valve
A Cadet should be aware that there could be a leak in the cowline of a needle gun
You have just completed your cargo watch on deck, during which you have been working around the manifold, connecting and disconnecting hoses, etc. It is meal-time. Should you take any precautions before entering the messroom and why?
I will remove my overalls and work boots and wash my hands, to avoid the risk of introducing chemical contaminants into the accommodation.
No, I am just going in for my lunch and then returning to work on deck, so it would be a waste of time to get changed.
I will wipe my boots and brush down my coveralls before entering the accommodation, to make sure I don't bring any dirt inside.
I will remove my overalls and workboots, because I will get in trouble from the captain if he catches me in work clothes in the messroom.
A cable has a resistance of 1 milli-ohm per metre. It supplies a 300A load over a distance of 100 metres. What is the voltage drop along it's length?
What is shown in the attached image?
The attached image shows derricks
The attached image shows deck cranes
The attached image shows grabs attached to deck cranes, during cargo opertions
The attached image shows grabs attached to derricks, for cargo opertions
International regulations require that a a minimum pressure of Inert Gas is maintained at all times in slop tanks if slops are retained onboard an oil tanker. Which of the following is that minimum requirement?
Where are cargo hold water level detectors required to be fitted on bulk carriers?
At the port and starboard midship sections of each cargo hold
At the forward end of each cargo hold
At the after end of each cargo hold
How are the various zones and spaces on an LNG carrier normally designated in relation to having cargo vapour hazard?
Gas-hazardous and Gas-safe.
Gas-dangerous and Gas-safe.
Gassed-up and Gassed-down.
A pump cover is sealed using a paper gasket which is damaged during overhaul. There are no spare gaskets available. How should the casing be sealed when reassembling the pump?
Run a bead of silicon around the outside of the joint after fitting the cover.
Put a thick layer of jointing compound on the face of the cover and tighten the cover until the compound squeezes out.
Make a new gasket from old chart paper or other similar material of the same thickness as the original gasket.
You are approaching a port in a snowstorm. You hear this signal. What kind of vessel is it and what is it doing?
It comes from a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties and it is making way through the water.
It comes from a vessel at anchor, less than 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor, over 100 metres in length.
Which of the following is considered as a possible source of ingress of seawater into the cargo holds?
Hatch covers and coamings
Which of the following is a summary of the features of a "controlled tank venting system" as may be found on a chemical tanker?
PV valves are fitted to limit the pressure or vacuum in the tank; no shut-off valves may be fitted either above or below the PV valves; provision may be made to by-pass the PV valves under certain operating conditions; such a system shall consist of a primary and secondary means of allowing full flow of vapour, except that the secondary system may be replaced by pressure sensors fitted within the tank.
The system permits vapour recovery via a collection manifold which may be connected to a shore reception facility.
PV valves are fitted to limit the pressure or vacuum within the tank; the PV valves shall be capable of being isolated or by-passed; the system shall be supplemented by pressure sensors within the cargo tank.
The system is fitted to a tank used for cargoes having a flash point not exceeding 60 degrees Celsius and is fitted with a device to prevent the passage of flame into the cargo tank.
A mixed deck cargo is to be loaded on a General Cargo Vessel; what are some of the important checks to be made by the Officer of the Watch?
Access to the ER and galley are unaffected
All fire hydrants and sounding pipes must be accessible
All hatch covers and the paint store must be accessible
Deck cargo is loaded no more than two metres above the deck
Modern slow speed, two stroke diesel engines often have locating pins or pegs to keep the piston rings in a fixed position. Why is this arrangement used?
It ensures the rings cannot be mixed up and that they are fitted in the correct order on the piston.
It avoids the risk of the ends of the piston rings being forced out by the gas pressure and catching on the scavenge ports.
The piston ring gaps can be kept in line to control the gas pressure on each of the rings.
The piston rings are more difficult to lubricate because of the slow operating speeds and will wear more quickly if they are allowed to rotate.
A new gasket has been fitted to the manhole cover of a ballast tank. Which of the options given would be a suitable test that the new gasket is correctly fitted?
Carry out a hose test on the manhole cover.
Carry out an air pressure test on the ballast tank.
Fill the tank with water up to capacity.
Fill the tank with water until it overflows through the air vent.
Consider a vessel with a 6 cylinder main diesel engine operating with one cylinder out of operation. What would you expect to be the approximate maximum reduced engine load to allow safe emergency operation in this condition?
Approximately 70 % of MCR
Approximately 30% of MCR.
Approximately 90 % of MCR
Approximately 50 % of MCR
What is the two letter signal, to be used by flags, radiotelephony or radiotelegraphy, meaning "Calling All Ships".
Parallel sweep search in a co-ordinated manner is achieved when?
All facilities proceed with minimum safe speed
All facilities proceed with same speed
All facilities proceed with maximum safe speed
All facilities proceed with different speed
What must be ensured at the commencement of cargo operations, on a general cargo vessel?
That all fire dampers serving the cargo holds, are closed
That all fire dampers serving the cargo holds, are open
That the carbon dioxide gas lines to each cargo hold contain a small amount of moisture
That the carbon dioxide gas lines to each cargo hold are clear
Why is ethylene glycol added to the L.P.G. compressor cooling water system?
To prevent the water from freezing.
To better regulate the cooling-water temperature.
To give corrosion protection.
To prevent the water from boiling.
What is the minimum number of relief valves to be fitted to any cargo tank of greater than 20 cubic metres capacity?
Minimum two pressure relief valves in addition to MARVS.
At least two pressure relief valves.
Minimum one pressure relief valves.
The required number of pressure relief valves is dependent on the pressure.
Hydrocarbons belongs to a chemical group named:?
Cargo heaters are frequently used when discharging refrigerated LPG cargoes into pressurised shore tanks. What would be a typical "heating range" required from a heater for discharge of fully refrigerated propane?
Frostbite is one of the main hazards that personnel must be aware of when working on liquefied gas carriers. Which of the given options is the recommended first aid treatment for a person with frostbite injuries to the hand?
Rub victim's hands vigorously to warm them up quickly.
Place victim's hands in hot water to warm them up quickly.
Place victim's hands on the surface of a heater to warm them up.
Place victim's hands in a bowl of lukewarm water to gradually warm them up.
Depending on density or API, an error measurement of 0.1 degree Fahrenheit in a tank containing 50,000 cubic metres (314,491 barrels) of oil will result in which of the following volumes?
35 cubic metres (220 barrels).
25 cubic metres (157 barrels).
7 cubic metres (44 barrels).
16.5 cubic metres (104 barrels).
What is a low location lightning system?
A light system powered by battery or fluorescent signs mounted at deck level indicating the way to the nearest exit
A system displaying the escape route from all cabins by light points in the ceiling, powered by battery
An illumination system for all corridors in cabin areas
An emergency illumination system that illuminates all deck areas to a minimum
When you are calibrating an instrument what is the most common second step in the procedure (consult the manual)
An expansion process along a turbine venturi is ofthen recognized as if no heat transfer out of the system is occuring What is the correct term for this?
What is the main fire fighting medium for tank deck on gas and chemical carriers?
There is not any main medium for tank deck fire fighting on gas and chemical carriers
Foam is the main medium for tank deck fire fighting on gas and chemical carriers
Freshwater is the main medium for tank deck fire fighting on gas and chemical carriers
Chemical powder is the main medium for tank deck fire fighting on gas and chemical carriers
An important quantity which is useful in circuit analysis is known as conductance G (Siemens). Which of the formulas A to D expresses the conductance for this circuit?
Why is the tank washing discharge outlet located below the waterline on a chemical tanker?
So that a safe and legal rate of dilution is achieved in the wake as the ship proceeds along.
So that toxic vapours are neutralised by the layer of water above the outlet.
So that tank cleaning can be carried out without anyone noticing.
So that there is minimum resistance to the flow generated by the pumps as they discharge the washings.
If the high PPM alarm is actuated on an automatic O.W.S. What should happen?
Overboard discharge is stopped.
Overboard discharge continues.
The oil outlet valve opens.
What is the maximum stowage height for containers on deck of a General Cargo Vessel, if the vessel is not specifically designed for the carriage of containers?
The maximum height is two containers
There is no limit apart from point load limitations
The maximum height is one container
Containers must not be carried on deck
A cargo space is being prepared to load a refrigerated cargo. An inspection of the space has revealed some dark areas of mould on the bulkheads. Which of the given options is the best action to take in such circumstances?
Since the mould will be odourless it can be left in place.
The mould should be scraped off with a steel goose necked scraper.
The mould should be removed by scrubbing the area with clean water containing the correct concentration of an approved fungicide.
The mould should be painted over with an appropriate marine paint.
What is ‘Standardized Cargo’?
Cargo for which the ship is provided with an approved securing system
Cargo that is shipped in standard dimensions
On a Ro-Ro vessel what would be the effect of a small GM?
An adverse affect on seaworthiness
Which of the following forms of food poisoning is particularly associated with outbreaks on cruise ships?
Staphylococcal enterotoxin.
Which plan shows the position of the vertical and longitudinal centres of gravity for each cargo compartment of a Bulk Carrier?
The use of a chemical additive to induce a chemical reaction and so expedite the cleaning of a cargo tank on a chemical tanker is a common operational technique. What is the chemical term for the substance used in such a procedure?
Which of the following would normally only be found in cargo holds which can also be used for ballast on a Bulk Carrier?
Permanently fitted dunnage
Light reflective paint coatings and fixed lighting systems
Bilges systems fitted with two way valves
Sacrificial anodes and water resistant expoxy paint coatings
What is the difference between an independent tank type A and independent tank type C
Independent tank type C is spherical tank
Independent tank type A is prismatic tank
There is no different on the two types
Independent tank type A need secondary barrier
The picture shows the component parts of a fluorescent light (items 10 to 14) above a circuit diagram (items 1 to 9). Between which terminals of the circuit should the ballast (or choke) be connected?
At what temperature do we take the Reid Vapour Pressure test?
We take the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) test at the temperature of 100 C.
We take the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) test at the temperature of 60.0 C.
We take the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) test at the temperature of 38.7 C.
We take the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) test at the temperature of 37.8 C.
A reefer vessel is loading a cargo of fruit alongside in a South African port. During loading another vessel arrives at an adjacent berth to have its cargo discharged after having been towed in following a fire onboard which had resulted in abandonment. What should concern the Master of the reefer vessel most about the situation?
That the cargo may be contaminated by the smell of smoke and the products of combustion from the damaged vessel.
The damaged vessel is unmanned and may not be cared for properly.
The speed of cargo operations may be hindered due to the discharge of cargo from the damaged vessel.
The cargo being discharged from the damaged vessel may be in poor condition and may contaminate the loading vessel's cargo.
The range of a transducer is 0-200 bar. The standard output signal is 4-20 mA. What is the output signal when the process value is 100 bar.
In the ISGOTT Guide, petroleum products are divided into two general groups for the purposes of indicating flammability, based on flashpoint and vapour pressure. These two groups are named 'Volatile' and 'Non-volatile'. To be considered Non-volatile, which of the following criteria must be met?
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or above (open cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient temperature, equilibrium gas concentrations above the Upper Flammable Limit.
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or below (closed cup method), these liquids produce, when equal to or below any ambient temperature, gas concentrations of less than 5% by volume.
With a Flashpoint of 37.8 degrees C or above (open cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient pressure, equilibrium gas concentrations below the Lower Flammable Limit.
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or above (closed cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient temperature, equilibrium gas concentrations below the Lower Flammable Limit.
The Chief officer of a General Cargo Vessel has instructed that ballast tanks must not be allowed to overflow when ballasting alongside. Which of the following is of the greatest concern?
Overflowing ballast water running over side and onto quay resulting in possible damage to shore equipment
Ballast water flowing back into dock
Over pressurising the tank top
Tanks being filled incorrectly
Which of the following categories of galley waste is it prohibited to dump into the sea under any circumstances and irrespective of where the ship is located?
Inert ash from incinerated food waste.
Ground or comminutated paper, rags and glass.
Plastics, including bags, bottles and packaging.
Ground or comminutated food waste.
What necessary precautions should be taken before entering a tank or an enclosed space?
Bring a flashlight and put on safety shoes
Make sure that the tank/ enclosed space is gas free, ventilated and the oxygen content is measured. O2 content shall be 21% before entering the tank/ enclosed space
Remember to have a colleague standing by to assist you if any problems
Use a breathing apparatus if the oxygen level is below 21%
How should chemicals and harmful substances be stored on board?
In a gas-tight locker close to the bridge
In the central store or in the engine room
In a separate locker. The locker shall be clearly marked, locked and ventilated.
In a locker preferably on boat deck. The locker shall be clearly marked.
Which of the following letter combinations represents a temperature controller on a process and instrumentation diagram?
During sea passage how would one know if gasoline vapours were escaping from vehicles/ro-ro units?
By using oxygen meters in the vehicle/ro-ro decks
By using carbon monoxide meters in the vehicle/ro-ro decks
By using flammable gas detectors in the vehicle/ro-ro decks
An inspection in the amidships area of the weather deck of a Panamax container vessel has revealed cracks in the hatch coamings. Which part of the vessel should now urgently be inspected.
Transverse bulkhead beneath the bridge front.
Longitudinals in the double bottom tanks in the amidships half length of the vessel.
Transverse bulkhead immediately aft of the engine room.
Stiffening in the forepeak tank at approximately water line level.
How can you best demonstrate in an audit that you follow company cargo handling procedures?
By providing a summary of out-turn figures for the auditor.
By requesting that an audit takes place during cargo operations.
By being able to provide comprehensive and verifiable documentary records of cargo operations.
By providing a summary of incident and lost time figures for the auditor that reflects a successful and trouble-free system on board.
On a container vessel, select from the list the most effective method of dealing with a fire in an under deck cargo space.
Boundary cool the cargo hold from the deck.
Deploy the fixed fire fighting system.
Tackle the fire locally with fire hoses.
Turn the vessel off the wind to reduce the relative wind strength.
The fire control draft on board is called the «safety plan» and shall be posted onboard. In port, a copy of this plan shall in addition be available from somewhere else. Where shall this copy be available?
Handed over to the surveyors.
In the engine control room
Prior to loading a reefer cargo it is good practise to carry out an 'ice test' of the temperature sensors within the cargo space. Part of the test is to immerse the sensors in a test bucket of known temperature, usually zero degrees Celsius as this is the melting point of ice. Which of the options is correct in relation to preparing the test bucket?
Insulated ice buckets should be filled with crushed ice purchased in bulk from a shore supplier.
Insulated ice buckets should be filled with ice produced in the vessel's low temperature chamber. A hole the exact size of the sensor should be drilled into the ice and the sensor inserted into the hole to give a rapid test process.
Insulated ice buckets should be filled with ice cubes approximately 2 centimetres square which have been made from clean distilled water.
Insulated ice buckets should be filled with ice cubes approximately 2 centimetres square and a small quantity of distilled water to produce an ice-water mixture. The ice cubes should be produced from clean distilled water.
All passenger ships are divided into vertical ’zones’. What is the purpose of this?
This is firezones which can be divided from eachother with firedoors. If a fire start in one zone, all firedoors in front and aft of the fire will be closed from the bridge to stop the smoke and fire from spreading.
Vertical zones are separated with firedoors which will be closed automatically when the firealarm start.
There is one fireteam in each zone
All vertical zones are separated with waterthight doors, which will be closed in the case of a grounding, etc.
On a pure car carrier what danger is associated with deck-head piping in cargo spaces?
Rusting of cargo units stowed below
There is no associated danger
Breakage of pipes in heavy weather
Moisture dripping onto vehicles stowed directly below
Which kind of secondary barrier, if any, is required for an LNG carrier fitted with membrane type cargo tanks?
No secondary barrier required.
Partial secondary barrier.
Complete secondary barrier not formed by the hull.
Complete secondary barrier formed by the hull.
What is the time limit for abandonment of passenger ships?
15 minutes from the time the abandon ship signal is given
2 hours from the time the abandon ship signal is given
30 minutes from the time the abandon ship signal is given
What effect would a blocked steam connection to a boiler water level gauge glass have on the visible water level in the glass?
The level in the glass would be higher than the actual level in the boiler
There would be no or very little water shown in the glass because it would be air locked.
The level in the glass would be less than the level in the boiler due to the water in the glass evaporating into the empty steam space.
The level in the glass would be the same as the level in the boiler since the water connection is still clear.
Crewmen are carrying out maintenance work in the engine room on overtime. The work does not affect machinery operation. At the end of normal working hours, what should the Engineer on Duty do?
Switch to UMS-mode and leave the engine room as normal.
Continue with manual operated engine room until the maintenance work is finished.
Switch to UMS-modeand inform the crewmen not to touch any of the machinery.
Leave the engine room after asking the crewmen to switch to UMS once they have finished working
You have recently discharged a cargo of Methylene Chloride from tank 4 port. How will the atmosphere in the tank normally be tested for remaining (very low level) traces of vapour to ensure safe conditions before a tank entry certificate is issued?
By reading off a standard explosimeter (combustible gas indicator).
You will be able to smell even a very low level of this product.
It is not possible (or important) to test for trace levels of this product.
By sampling through a gas detector tube.
After starting a freon compressor, how long should you wait before opening the oil separator return valve?
Open the valve immediately.
After the separator shell has warmed up.
What is the optimum cargo lashing angle against sliding?
On the figure 4 possible definitions of the term "AIR DRAUGHT" are given. Which one is the correct one?
Air draught is given by A on the figure
Air draught is given by D on the figure
Air draught is given by C on the figure
Air draught is given by B on the figure
What is the correct definition of: -fair lead?
Where the mooring lines lead.
A remedy leading to fairway.
A lead to test the bottom.
A remedy to close the holds.
Some liquefied gas carriers are fitted with nitrogen generating equipment, often of the membrane module design. What would be the expected purity of the nitrogen produced by such equipment?
What is the purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets?
To provide all personnel including emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner
To provide personnel in deck- and engine department with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner
To provide the safety officer with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner
To determine if the substance is flammable or not
How will you find the Tipping Moment of a cargo item?
Transverse accelerations/10 x weight of cargo item x height of its centre of gravity above its base
Transverse accelerations/10 x weight of cargo item x height of its centre of gravity above the keel
Transverse accelerations/7 x weight of cargo item x height of its centre of gravity above its base
Transverse accelerations/7 x vessel's natural roll period
What are the immediate duties of the bridge Officer of the Watch when the ship suddenly runs into a fog bank?
Commence sounding the fog signal and reduce speed to Slow Ahead
Commence sounding the fog signal and call the Master and wait for him to arrive before taking any further actions
Commence sounding the fog signal and if the radar indicates no echoes in the vicinity, proceed at the normal speed until ships are detected on the radar or until the fog lifts
Commence sounding the fog signal, engines on standby, call the Master and lookout, if not already on duty
Which of the listed sensors is suitable for physial displacement?
It is possible to operate two similar generators in parallel at equal power (kW) but at different power factors. The generator with lower power factor will run:
Hotter due to increased current
Cooler due to increased speed
Faster due to increased voltage
Slower due to increased current
Which of the following is an acceptable reason to avoid a mandatory prewash and may result in an exemption being granted by the Government of the receiving Party?
That the unloaded tank will be washed outside a special area.
That the vessel's stripping system can reduce the residues to less than 10 litres in the relevant tank and its associated piping.
That the vessel temporarily has defective tank cleaning equipment and the prewash will be carried out at the first available opportunity after repairs have been completed and the tank will not be loaded or ballasted before that time.
That the unloaded tank is to be reloaded with the same substance or another substance compatible with the previous one and that the tank will not be washed or ballasted prior to loading.
Some new maintenance routines are being planned and a risk assessment is necessary so that the required procedures can be entered into the ship's Safety Management manual. Which of the following should be the first step in this risk assessment process?
Identify the safety precautions that may be necessary to prevent injury or harm to personnel carrying out the routines.
Identify who may be harmed or injured in carrying out the maintenance routines.
Identify the hazards that may exist which may affect personnel involved with the maintenance routines.
Identify how much it will cost to implement the necessary precautions to prevent injury to personnel.
The circuit shows a full-wave bridge rectifier. Which electronic component will you connect between 'a' and 'b' in order to obtain reduced ripple voltage to the load RL.
How should dunnage be laid, prior to loading a Caterpillar Tractor?
Only at the extreme ends of the tractor’s wheels
Athwartship under the tractor’s wheels
Athwartship at the ends of the tractor’s wheels
Fore and aft under the tractor’s wheels
During inspection of the fan spaces an access hatch between the delivery and return side of the fan space is inadvertently left open. What would be the most likely consequence of this situaqtion?
Chilled air would short circuit from the return to the delivery air side.
The delivery air side would become overpressurised.
The fan speed would be affected.
Air would short circuit from the delivery to the return air side.
A reefer vessel, which is about to carry a palletised cargo, has to have available sufficient cargo equipment including air bags (dunnage bags), air lines and valves, cargo slings, wooden dunnage, nails, etc. These items are required to ensure a quick loading operation and a successful passage. Complete the following statement from the options given. "Air bags are particularly important in that ….
… they are quick and easy to deploy."
… they secure the pallets against movement during the passage."
… they protect the pillars and the vent trunking against damage during heavy weather."
… they reduce the movement of the pallets and prevent short circuiting of the air flow."