Тест состоит из 80 случайных вопросов.
Всего вопросов по данной теме: 209
What does this flag mean?
My vessel is stopped and making no way through the water.
I have a diver down; keep well clear at slow speed.
I wish to communicate with you.
What are the main components causing the magnetic compass to require a regular evaluation and compass correction?
The change in the position of the magnetic pole causing annual changes in the variation.
The continual changes of courses steered by the ship.
Permanent and induced magnetism in the ships structure.
Is the location of a vessel’s standard compass binnacle critical?
Yes, it should be on the fore and aft centreline of the ship.
Yes, for the reasons stated in all of the suggested answers.
Yes, it should be sited on a non-metallic base if possible.
Yes, it should be away from major electrical power cables.
In the diagram, the amount of water under the keel is indicated by the letter “C”. Which bridge instrument would measure this value?
What is the correct understanding of the term “Block Coefficient” as applied to a ship?
The restriction of a valve in a pipe to the flow of fluid through that pipe.
The coefficient of a Block and Tackle.
The comparison of the underwater shape of the ship, to a rectangular block of the same extreme dimensions.
The ratio of the water plane shape of the ship to a rectangle of the same extreme dimensions.
What would be considered the most favourable heading of a ship when launching a lifeboat?
The ship should lie stopped in the water with the weather on the opposite side to the boat to be launched.
The ship should steer about 100° of the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launched on the leeside.
The ship should steer with the prevailing weather and sea on the beam and the boat to be launch on the leeside.
The ship should steer about 30° off the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launch on the leeside.
If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 metres, will manoeuvring and warning signals, as defined by rule 34 of the International regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, be given on one or both whistles?
They shall be given on both whistles simultaneously.
Manoeuvring signals will be given only on the forward whistle; warning signals will be given on both whistles simultaneously.
They shall first be given on the forward whistle, followed by the after whistle, with a 5 second interval in between.
They shall be given on one whistle only.
What would be the effects of a ship passing into shallow water?
The vessel has a tendency to swing to port with a single fixed-pitch right-hand turning propeller.
There is no noticeable difference in performance of the ship.
The speed is not affected, but more rudder is required to steer the ship.
The ship is less responsive to both rudder and propeller.
Is the location of the Compass Binnacle critical?
Yes, it should be on the fore and aft centreline of the ship.
Yes, it should be sited on a non-metallic base if possible.
Yes, it should be away from all electrical power cables.
Yes, for the reasons stated in all of the suggested answers.
What type of vessel is this and from what direction are you seeing it?
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round red light. I am seeing her from astern.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage operations, deploying or recovering a pilot. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round white light. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor. I am looking at her port side.
What corrections must be applied to the echo sounder reading to compare the depth of water with the depth printed on the chart?
Allowance for the ships speed.
The distance between the pulse Transmitter and Receiver.
Which approved publication should be used by a seafarer to help overcome any misunderstanding in communications?
The (ISC) Bridge Procedures Guide.
The (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) booklet.
Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary.
The Oxford Concise Dictionary.
When using the echo sounder in a river the soundings indicated may be incorrect, what would be the most probable cause of the error?
There should be no error with a properly working echo sounder.
The strength of the tide and current in the river.
The density of the water.
According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions and the illustrated lights, what type of vessel is this and from what direction is it viewed?
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round white light. Looking at its port side.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor. Looking at its port side.
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 metres in the direction of the all-round red light. Looking at it from astern.
The maximum height that a pilot should be required to climb on a pilot ladder before reaching the deck or stepping onto an accommodation ladder platform is:
What is the correct understanding of the term “a ship with good Directional Stability”?
A ship moving forwards with the rudder amidships, will continue in a straight line.
The ship will shear away from its heading if not controlled.
A ship when swinging, will continue to swing even after the rudder is returned to amidships.
A ship will always follow in the direction that the rudder is put.
You are on a power-driven vessel underway in open water. You sight these lights on the port bow, on a steady bearing. The distance is closing. What are you looking at and what action will you take in compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea?
This is a power-driven vessel, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. The sidelight of a second vessel can be seen beyond her. Under rule 18, I am obliged to keep clear of the first vessel and will therefore take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, less than 50 metres in length, length of tow under 200 metres and the tow, both being restricted in their ability to manoeuvre, seen from the starboard side. Under rule 18, I am required to keep clear and will take appropriate avoiding action.
Can the OOW be the sole lookout?
Only if the ARPA radar is set onto Auto Acquisition with an audio alarm sounding when a ship is detected.
When the visibility is good and the ship is in the middle of the ocean where there is very little shipping.
Never should the Officer of the Watch be the only lookout.
During daylight when visibility and traffic allows.
What signal may be given by sound and by light to indicate that a vessel fails to understand the intentions or actions of another vessel, or is in doubt that sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid collision?
Five prolonged blasts (flashes).
Five short and rapid blasts (flashes).
One prolonged blast (flash), followed by five or more short and rapid blasts (flashes).
Three short and rapid blasts (flashes).
When a ship is lying at anchor in a tidal area using both forward anchors, to what particular aspect should the officer of the watch be paying special attention?
When the ship swings to the tide the direction of swing should be controlled to avoid the anchor cables becoming wrapped round each other.
The tension on both cables should be similar, to avoid one dragging and all the weight of the ship remaining on the other anchor only.
The ship will become controlled by the tide and the wind will not be allowed to have any effect on the direction the ship lies at anchor.
The two anchors will restrict the ships swing with the tide and the ship may not lie to the prevailing current and wind.
Which method is used to make a physical connection between a rescue vessel and a wreck?
The ship is sailing in shallow water with reduced Under Keel Clearance. If the ship is steaming with the engines at full RPM, what would be the speed in comparison to the speed achieved in deep water?
It would be very difficult to maintain full deep sea RPM on the engines and therefore difficult to assess the speed.
What are the three possible types of messages seen when there is an ECDIS alert?
Either an Alarm, an Indication or a Caution.
Either an Alarm, an Indication or a Caution.
Either an Alarm, a Warning or a Caution.
Either an Alarm, a Warning or an Information.
You are in open water and clear conditions. You are approaching the pilot station when you hear this signal from a vessel ahead of you. What does it signify?
That the vessel is picking up his pilot.
That the vessel is altering his course to starboard.
That the vessel is starting his engine and resuming his passage.
That the vessel is operating astern propulsion.
You are on a tug and are towing an unmanned barge. You are restricted in your ability to manoeuvre. The total length of the tow is 219 metres. What daylight signals are required by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea?
A diamond shape, where it can best be seen shall be displayed on the tug and the tow. Three shapes shall also be displayed in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a diamond. Diamond shape.
A diamond shape, where it can best be seen, on the tug only. Three shapes shall also be displayed, being three balls in a vertical line.
Three shapes shall be displayed forward on the tug, in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a diamond.
Three shapes shall be displayed on the tug, where they can best be seen, in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a cylinder. The signal flag “T” shall also be flown on the tug. A diamond shall be displayed aft on the tow.
A tug is moving towards the bow of the ship to make fast and is in the vicinity of the ship’s shoulder, as illustrated. What specific danger should be considered when making this approach to the bow?
The positive pressure field at the ships bow may repel the tug and make the connection very difficult to establish.
The tug may be turned across the bow of the ship and also suffer a lose of stability with a danger of being turned over if touched by the ship.
The stern of the tug may be sucked in towards the bow and also suffer a reduction in the positive GM, making it very unstable.
All of the alternative answers.
What can be used to reduce the effect of the state of sea-water?
Once a ship (equipped with self-stowing auto-tension winches) is moored alongside a loading or discharging berth, how is it recommended that the winches are set?
All mooring winches be left in “auto-tension” mode.
All winches to be left with the manual brake on and out of gear.
The “breastline” and “headline” winches be left in the auto-tension mode and spring winches with manual brake on.
The “spring” winches be left in the auto-tension mode and all other winches with the manual brake on.
What is important to check when transferring a position from the GPS output to a paper chart?
Any necessary corrections are applied to convert between the GPS datum and the chart datum.
Ensure that the chart has been corrected up to date.
Ensure that the GPS is setup on the same datum as the chart.
It is important to ensure that the GPS is setup on 2 dimensional and not 3 dimensional position fixes.
The rudder is hard over with the engine at full ahead. Will the turning effect of the rudder be changed if the engine is stopped?
Yes, the turning force will be dramatically reduced when the engine is stopped.
No, the turning force applied by the rudder will be maintained within about 90 % of the turning force when going full ahead.
Yes, the turning force will be reduced to about 50 % of the original force when the engine is stopped.
No, the turning force is unaffected by the speed of the propeller.
In the figure, which letter gives the correct understanding of the term “LENGTH OVERALL”?
Length Overall is indicated by D, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by C, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by B, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by A, in the figure.
The positions of the ship provided by the GPS receiver should always be verified by other means. Which of the following suggested methods would be the most accurate?
Bearing and distance from a navigational buoy.
Radar bearings of three distinctive shore objects.
Radar ranges of three distinctive shore objects.
A DR updated position from the last reliable one.
What immediate actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship goes aground on an uncharted shoal in the middle of the ocean?
Stop engines and immediately request “Full Astern”.
Stop engines and tell the engine room to switch over to high suctions.
Stop engines and call the Master.
Sound the General Alarm and plot the ships position.
Why should a Ground Stabilised True Motion radar display not be used for anti-collision purposes?
Because this display is only ever used for navigation.
The true vector can never give an indication of collision risk with another ship.
The “aspect” of the target is confused, so the Regulations for Preventing Collisions cannot be accurately applied.
True motion does not provide the collision risk of targets as only true vectors are available.
What would be the stopping distance of a VLCC when proceeding at 8 knots in deep water and the engines are put “Full Astern”?
Varies, but can be determined from trial data.
The rudder is in the hard over position with the propeller stopped and the ship turning slowly. On a ship with a single fixed pitch right handed propeller and no thrusters, what can be done to make the ship increase the speed of turn without significantly increasing the forward speed of the ship?
Give dead slow ahead on the engines and leave the rudder in the hard over position.
Give the engines a short kick ahead.
Give half astern on the engines as this will increase the rate of turn.
Give full astern on the engines until ship has stopped and then full ahead on the engines with rudder hard over.
What do the shapes that this vessel is displaying tell us about her?
That she is not under command.
That she is engaged in towing.
That she is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
That she is constrained by her draught.
When plotting a position, where should the Officer of the Watch select as the ships position, when three gyro compass bearings intercept as a triangle (Cocked Hat) and not as a single point?
At the point furthest away from any danger.
At the point nearest the course line drawn on the chart.
At the point nearest to the danger, if any.
At the centre of the triangle.
What is the depth of an iceberg below the surface of the sea?
The depth of an iceberg below the surface is always about one sixth of its total depth.
The draught of an iceberg is about the same as the visible part of the iceberg above the water.
The draught of an iceberg varies with the type of berg and its age.
The draught of an iceberg is normally about 3/4 of its total depth.
What are the required data inputs into most gyro compasses to reduce any possible compass error?
All of the data in the suggested answers.
Maximum helm angle and rolling period.
A ship is being overtaken by another ship while proceeding along a river. What should be the required procedure?
The overtaking vessel should request permission to overtake from the Port Control VTS.
The overtaking vessel can overtake but must allow sufficient space to reduce the interaction between the two vessels.
The overtaking vessel should request permission from the other ship by sounding two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts on the whistle or by direct VHF contact.
There should be no overtaking in these confined waters.
A ship is equipped with a right-handed fixed pitch propeller, which when going from Full Ahead to Full Astern will make the ship sheer to starboard. Can anything be done to reduce this change in heading?
The rudder should be kept amidships when going astern and there is little that can be done to reduce the swing to starboard.
The rudder can be put from side to side in a “Rudder Cycling” movement.
The rudder can be put to Hard to Port to reduce the water from to the right side of the propeller.
The rudder should be put Hard to Port to reduce the water flow to the left side of the propeller.
Which option best completes the following statement? An operator using ECDIS, will notice an out of position navigation buoy because:
There will be a flashing alarm on ECDIS showing which one is out.
A local port authority would send an automatic signal to ECDIS.
The radar return and ENC buoy symbol will not coincide.
It is coloured orange on an ECDIS display.
Where can a ship expect an act of piracy to take place?
At the south end of the Red Sea.
Who is ultimately responsible for the voyage plan?
The Officer of the Watch (OOW) on duty.
The Second Officer as the official Navigation officer.
The ship owner will provide overall parameters within which the ship must follow.
How can the effects of Squat be minimized, when a ship is proceeding in shallow water?
Maintain a speed of about 6 knots and use minimal rudder when manoeuvring.
Enter the shallow water with a stern trim and proceed at a moderate speed.
Decrease the speed and keep this ship to the centre of the channel where the water is probably deepest.
Maintain a slow speed just sufficient to maintain steerage.
What sound signal can be made when nearing a bend in a river, with the view around the bend obscured by an intervening obstruction?
How can a new officer, just boarding a ship, ensure that he knows the location and operation of all navigational and safety equipment and take account of the operating limitations of such equipment?
By following the standard company Induction procedures for a bridge watchkeeping officer.
By using the equipment on regular watchkeeping duties.
The certificate of competency will ensure the officer has suitable competence in operating the bridge equipment.
By asking other officers and practicing with the use of the equipment.
Who is responsible for the number and the position of any tugs to be used during a mooring operation?
The Master, with consideration of the advice of the pilot.
The Pilot is fully responsible for the number and use of tugs within the port area.
It will be only the wind speed that will determine the required number of tugs and how they are used.
The Port Authority will dictate the tug requirements and their use within the port limits.
Why should Ground Stabilised True Motion display mode be avoided when using the ARPA for anti-collision purposes?
The collision regulations are based on ship courses through the water.
The true vector can never give an indication of collision risk with another ship.
True motion does not provide the collision risk of other ships.
The Relative Motion display and relative vectors is the only display to use for anti-collision purposes.
If a DSC distress alert is received on board your ship, what is the first action that should be taken?
Immediately answer the distress message on the correct radio frequency.
Contact SAR Authorities via nearest coast Radio station.
Listen for a distress message on the appropriate radio frequency for five minutes.
Determine how close your vessel is to the distressed vessel.
What is the depth of an iceberg below the surface of the sea?
The draught of an iceberg is normally about 3/4 of its total depth.
The draught of an iceberg varies with the type of berg and its age.
The depth of an iceberg below the surface is always about one sixth of its total depth.
The draught of an iceberg is about the same as the visible part of the iceberg above the water.
What are we seeing here?
A sailing vessel of less than 10 metres in length, displaying the mandatory combined lantern in lieu of sailing lights, seen head-on.
A sailing vessel, seen from astern, where the edges of her sidelights are both visible.
A sailing vessel less than 20 metres in length, displaying the optional combined lantern in lieu of standard sailing lights, seen head-on.
A sailing vessel, at anchor.
When the temperature of the air increases with height it is known as a “Temperature Inversion” and may influence the performance of some instruments on the ship. What should the bridge Officer of the Watch be prepared to happen?
The radar will be show abnormal sea clutter as the pulse is trapped by the inversion.
The GPS may give errors of position because of interference of incoming signals from the satellites.
Abnormal ranges of VHF RT and Second Trace Returns on the radar.
The bearings obtained from the Directional Finder (DF) will not be as accurate as normal.
What are the two parts of the magnetic compass error?
Permanent and induced magnetism.
The latitude and longitude.
This vessel is encountered at the mouth of a river. According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions and the illustrated shapes, what type of vessel is it?
This is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations. The two balls in a vertical line indicate the side on which it is safe to pass; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate the side on which an obstruction exists; the ball/diamond/ball indicate that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
This is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations. The two balls in a vertical line indicate the side on which an obstruction exists; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate the side on which it is safe to pass; the ball/diamond/ ball in a vertical line indicate that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
A balanced rudder has some of the rudder area forward of the rudder axis. About how much area should this be to call it a balanced rudder?
You are approaching a port in a snowstorm. You hear this signal. What kind of vessel is it and what is it doing?
It comes from a vessel at anchor, less than 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties and it is making way through the water.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor, over 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
A ship is navigating in the Caribbean in August when it receives the warning of a Hurricane. To determine the centre of the storm the Master uses “Buys Ballot’s Law” and faces the wind. On what side of the Master would the low pressure area be located?
This is not a suitable method to use with a Hurricane.
Which of the following answers correctly specify the following most common rudders? a) UNBALANCED, b) BALANCED, c) SEMI-BALANCED and d) UNDERHUNG BALANCED. i. e. The number in the picture is related to the letter adjacent to the name of the rudder.
1 = d, 2 = a, 3 = b and 4 = c.
1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d and 4 = a.
1 = a, 2 = b, 3 = c and 4 = d.
1 = c, 2 = d, 3 = a and 4 = b.
How can the effects of Squat be minimized, when a ship is proceeding in shallow water?
Maintain a speed of about six (6) knots and use minimal rudder when manoeuvring.
Enter the shallow water with a stern trim and proceed at a moderate speed.
Maintain a slow speed just sufficient to maintain steerage.
Put a small forward trim on the vessel as this stops squat.
What are the immediate duties of the bridge Officer of the Watch when the ship suddenly runs into a fog bank?
Commence sounding the fog signal, engines on standby, call the Master and lookout, if not already on duty.
Commence sounding the fog signal and reduce speed to Slow Ahead.
Commence sounding the fog signal and call the Master and wait for him to arrive before taking any further actions.
Commence sounding the fog signal and if the radar indicates no echoes in the vicinity, proceed at the normal speed until ships are detected on the radar or until the fog lifts.
The ship has a right-handed propeller and is swinging to starboard when the engines are slow ahead and the rudder is to starboard. The engines are stopped and the rate of swing rapidly slows down. How could the swing to starboard be maintained without the ship making much headway.
Transverse Thrust will reduce the swing and therefore a kick ahead is necessary with full starboard helm applied.
The only effective method is by using the bow thruster to push the bow to starboard.
Astern on the engines will allow Transverse Thrust to continue the swing.
By applying the rudder hard over to starboard and going ahead on the engines.
What is understood by the term “Dew point” of the air?
The temperature of the water vapour in a cloud.
The temperature at which condensation in the air forms into water droplets.
All of the suggested answers.
The “Dew point” is the point at the centre of an Anticyclone.
The ship is to berth alongside a quay in calm conditions of no wind or current. The ship has a signle fixed pitch right handed propeller. Which angle of approach would be considered the most favourable?
The decision should be left to the pilot who is in charge of the manoeuvre.
You are on a power-driven vessel underway in open water. This vessel is sighted wide on the port bow. It’s bearing is opening, but its distance is closing rapidly. Which of the following is a correct assessment of the situation and the action to be taken?
Risk of collision is deemed to exist and I will make a broad alteration of course to starboard, sounding one short blast. I will re-assess the situation when the alteration is carried out.
Risk of collision is deemed not to exist. However, to be sure of a safe passing distance, I will reduce my speed to allow the other vessel to pass ahead.
Risk of collision is a possibility. I will maintain my course and speed for now, but be prepared for an alteration of course to port if the CPA seems to be less than 0,2 nm as we draw closer.
Risk of collision is deemed not to exist and I will maintain my course and speed. I will continue to monitor the situation.
What is important to check when transferring a position from the GPS receiver to a paper chart?
The chart datum is correct for the area the vessel is located.
That it is a “2D” fix and the antenna height is set correctly.
That the chart datum is also WGS84 or there are corrections.
Ensure that the chart has been corrected up to date.
You are on a power-driven vessel underway in open water. You sight these lights on the port bow, on a steady bearing. The distance is closing. What are you looking at and what action will you take in compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, less than 50 metres in length, length of tow under 200 metres and the tow, both being restricted in their ability to manoeuvre, seen from the starboard side. Under rule 18, I am required to keep clear and will take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. The sidelight of a second vessel can be seen beyond her. Under rule 18, I am obliged to keep clear of the first vessel and will therefore take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, length of tow 200 metres or more, not under command. I will keep clear under rule 27.
The maximum rudder angle on your ship is 35°. Do you think this is the angle that the rudder is most effective?
No, the rudder is most effective at small rudder angles.
No, the most effective rudder angle is about 25 to 30°, this is because the rudder is stalling at 35° angle.
Yes, the rudder is most effective at max angle.
No, the rudder is most effective at angles between 10 and 20°.
What is the probable cause of an error in position of the ship obtained from the GPS system?
A three dimensional instead of a two dimensional position output.
Incorrect height of the antenna.
All of the suggested answers.
Abnormal sun spot activity causing unusual radiation effects.
What actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship’s steering gear fails?
Call the Master and advise him of the situation.
Display the NUC signal and consider stopping the engines.
All of the suggested answers.
Request the engine room to check the steering gear.
When navigating using the GPS, how does the GPS display indicate when the accuracy of the displayed position is reduced?
A large HDOP value is displayed on the screen.
A large “Correction Factor” number is displayed on the screen.
The GPS display flashes and sounds an alarm.
The GPS display is always very accurate and does not give any indication of lack of accuracy.
What actions should be taken by the Officer of the Watch if the ship’s steering system totally fails?
Request the engine room to check the steering system.
All of the suggested answers.
Display the NUC signal and stop the engine(s).
Call the Master and advise them of the situation.
The position of the ship provided by the GPS should always be confirmed by other means, when possible. Which of the following suggested methods would be the most accurate?
The ranges of three distinctive shore objects on the radar.
Bearing and distance from a navigational Buoy.
Compass bearings of three shore objects.
Bearing using the Radio Direction Finding of three radio beacons.
What could be the reason for the magnetic compass to swing through large angles when the ship is rolling in a seaway?
The error due to deviation is large for that ships heading.
The Coefficient B determined by the Compass Corrector at the last dry-dock was not correctly calculated.
The heeling error magnets are upside down and/or not in the correct position.
The induced magnetism from the earth’s magnetic field is very strong in that area.
What radar device assists in the detection and location of a survival craft?
A personal locator beacon.
The ship is involved in a collision, what is the immediate action by the Officer of the Watch after the incident has taken place?
Contact the other ship and send the bridge lookout down to start taking soundings.
Stop engines and check over the side for any signs of pollution.
Call the Master and check the position for any immediate dangers.
Sound the General Alarm and stop engines.
What methods could be introduced into a passage plan for continuous monitoring of the ships position when navigating along a coastline?
Conspicuous headlands and navigational marks for taking positions.
The radar ranges of the coastline at all course alteration points.
All of the suggested answers.
What is the advantages of a GPS satellite system compared to other navigational aids?
The GPS system gives information about position, speed and time continuously world wide.
The GPS system gives information about weather and wave conditions in the area.
The GPS system has a built-in group of six radio-beacons called a Decca chain.
The GPS system is based on hyperbola navigation.
The gyro compass can suffer from a compass error and may need to be allowed for, when steering a course in a dangerous navigational area. What is the probable cause of the error?
An uncorrected course and speed error.
Fluctuations in the electrical supply to the compass.