Тест состоит из 80 случайных вопросов.
Всего вопросов по данной теме: 209
When navigating along a coastline what should be considered the most accurate method of navigating?
Passing close to navigational buoys.
Use of radar ranges and bearings.
Bearings of navigational shore marks such as lighthouses.
If a ship in deep water requires 2 nautical miles to “crash stop”, what will be the crash stopping distance in shallow water for the same start speed?
Depends on the crash stop used.
Similar distance to deep water.
How will the ship behave if it experiences a complete loss of power (black out) in the situation illustrated?
The wind will push the vessel sideways, but the heading will not change.
The vessel will gradually swing to port and the speed will slowly reduce.
The vessel will continue on course and the speed will slowly reduce.
The vessel will gradually swing to starboard and the speed will slowly reduce.
Two ships travelling in opposite directions are to pass each other in a narrow river, as illustrated. Explain what is likely to happen as they pass each other?
Due to interaction, the bows will repel each other, and then when alongside each other the two ships will be sucked together and finally the sterns will be repelled as they start to pass clear.
There will be very little effect between the two ships as they pass.
Due to interaction, the bows will attract each other as they approach, then they will repel each other alongside and as they pass clear, the sterns will be attracted.
As they approach, rudder should be applied quickly to avoid sheering into the path of each other. Then as they are alongside they will be attracted and finally repel each other as they pass clear.
What is the purpose of a fire wire?
A wire for handling fire buckets.
A wire for pulling burning ships off the pier.
A wire for securing the Fire Tug alongside a burning ship.
A wire for pulling fire-hoses up to the top bridge.
You are approaching a port in a snowstorm. You hear this signal. What kind of vessel is it and what is it doing?
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor, over 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
It comes from a vessel at anchor, less than 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties and it is making way through the water.
Is the location of the Compass Binnacle critical?
Yes, it should be on the fore and aft centreline of the ship.
Yes, it should be away from all electrical power cables.
Yes, it should be sited on a non-metallic base if possible.
Yes, for the reasons stated in all of the suggested answers.
Which option best completes the following statement? An operator using ECDIS, will notice an out of position navigation buoy because:
A local port authority would send an automatic signal to ECDIS.
It is coloured orange on an ECDIS display.
The radar return and ENC buoy symbol will not coincide.
There will be a flashing alarm on ECDIS showing which one is out.
You are on a tug and are towing an unmanned barge. You are restricted in your ability to manoeuvre. The total length of the tow is 219 metres. What daylight signals are required by the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea?
A diamond shape, where it can best be seen, on the tug only. Three shapes shall also be displayed, being three balls in a vertical line.
Three shapes shall be displayed on the tug, where they can best be seen, in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a cylinder. The signal flag “T” shall also be flown on the tug. A diamond shall be displayed aft on the tow.
A diamond shape, where it can best be seen shall be displayed on the tug and the tow. Three shapes shall also be displayed in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a diamond. Diamond shape.
Three shapes shall be displayed forward on the tug, in a vertical line, the upper and lower being balls and the middle one a diamond.
You are on a power-driven vessel underway in open water. You sight these lights on the port bow, on a steady bearing. The distance is closing. What are you looking at and what action will you take in compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea.
This is a power-driven vessel, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. The sidelight of a second vessel can be seen beyond her. Under rule 18, I am obliged to keep clear of the first vessel and will therefore take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, less than 50 metres in length, length of tow under 200 metres and the tow, both being restricted in their ability to manoeuvre, seen from the starboard side. Under rule 18, I am required to keep clear and will take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, length of tow 200 metres or more, not under command. I will keep clear under rule 27.
Can anything be done on a vessel with forward speed, to reduce the change in heading caused by a right hand fixed pitch propeller being put astern?
Yes, the rudder can be put to port.
No, the rudder should be kept amidships when going astern and there is little that can be done to reduce the swing to starboard.
The rudder can be cycled from side to side.
The rudder should be put hard to starboard to reduce the water flow to the left side of the propeller.
In the Beaufort Scale of Wind Force, what is the Beaufort number associated with the wind force known as a “Gale”? This should not be confused with a “Near Gale” or “Strong Gale”?
What immediate actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship goes aground on an uncharted shoal in the middle of the ocean?
Stop engines and immediately request “Full Astern”.
Stop engines and call the Master.
Stop engines and tell the engine room to switch over to high suctions.
Sound the General Alarm and plot the ships position.
Rule 12 of the International Collision Regulations prescribes the action to be taken by a sailing vessel when meeting another sailing vessel. This depends on the direction of the wind relative to each vessel. In the situation shown here, which sailing vessel (A or B) must keep out of the way of the other?
The upwind sailing vessel must keep out of the way of the downwind sailing vessel.
Both sailing vessels are required to take avoiding action.
Sailing vessel A must keep out of the way of sailing vessel B.
Sailing vessel B must keep out of the way of sailing vessel A.
Two ships are meeting in a restricted channel as illustrated. Which of the following actions would be the most suitable to take on both vessels as they approach and pass each other?
Slow down if possible without losing steerage and be prepared for prompt application of rudder to counteract any swing as they approach and pass each other.
Increase speed slightly to pass each other as quickly as possible and thereby reduce the effects of “ship to ship” interaction.
Maintain speed and a straight course on the starboard side of the channel.
Keep as far as possible on the starboard side of the channel and maintain speed to retain effective steerage.
What type of vessel is this and from what direction are you seeing it?
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round red light. I am seeing her from astern.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round white light. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage operations, deploying or recovering a pilot. I am looking at her port side.
What are the limits of a passage or voyage plan?
It is dependant on the voyage and if there are any river or canal transits.
From Full Away On Passage (FAOP) to End Of Passage (EOP).
How can the effects of Squat be minimized, when a ship is proceeding in shallow water?
Put a small forward trim on the vessel as this stops squat.
Maintain a speed of about six (6) knots and use minimal rudder when manoeuvring.
Enter the shallow water with a stern trim and proceed at a moderate speed.
Maintain a slow speed just sufficient to maintain steerage.
Is the location of the Compass Binnacle critical?
Yes, for the reasons stated in all of the suggested answers.
Yes, it should be on the fore and aft centreline of the ship.
Yes, it should be away from all electrical power cables.
Yes, it should be sited on a non-metallic base if possible.
What would be considered the most favourable heading of a ship when launching a lifeboat?
The ship should steer about 100° of the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launched on the leeside.
The ship should lie stopped in the water with the weather on the opposite side to the boat to be launched.
The ship should steer about 30° off the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launch on the leeside.
The ship should steer with the prevailing weather and sea on the beam and the boat to be launch on the leeside.
You are proceeding up a river, with berths on both banks. You see this flag hoist on a vessel moored on a berth ahead. What does it mean?
You should proceed at slow speed when passing me.
I am about to depart the berth.
Caution! I have an anchor down.
What is the correct understanding of the term “Block Coefficient” as applied to a ship?
The comparison of the underwater shape of the ship, to a rectangular block of the same extreme dimensions.
The ratio of the water plane shape of the ship to a rectangle of the same extreme dimensions.
The coefficient of a Block and Tackle.
The restriction of a valve in a pipe to the flow of fluid through that pipe.
Which is the “CENTRE LINE”, in the figure?
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by D, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by A, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by C, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by B, in the figure.
What does this flag mean?
I wish to communicate with you.
My vessel is stopped and making no way through the water.
I have a diver down; keep well clear at slow speed.
The Master arrives on the bridge obviously under the influence of alcohol and states he is taking over the “con” of the ship. What actions should the Officer of the Watch (OOW) take in this situation?
Watch the actions made by the Master and if not dangerous, wait until the Master becomes more capable to take control or leaves the bridge.
Attempt to diplomatically avoid taking any actions that would put the ship or crew into danger and call the Chief Officer for assistance.
Tell the Master you consider him incapable of taking over the responsibility of the watch and that he should retire to his cabin and sleep it off.
Tell the Master you do not think this is a good idea and retain control of the watch.
Which approved publication should be used by a seafarer to help overcome any misunderstanding in communications?
Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary.
The (ISC) Bridge Procedures Guide.
The (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) booklet.
The Oxford Concise Dictionary.
What is understood by the term “Dew point” of the air?
The temperature at which water vapour in the air forms into water droplets.
The temperature of the water vapour in a cloud.
The “Dew Point” is the point at the centre of an Anticyclone.
All of the suggested answers.
The ship is sailing in shallow water with reduced Under Keel Clearance. If the ship is steaming with the engines at full RPM, what would be the speed in comparison to the speed achieved in deep water?
It would be very difficult to maintain full deep sea RPM on the engines and therefore difficult to assess the speed.
You are proceeding along a coastal route when you hear this signal. The visibility is severely restricted. What does the signal mean?
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels to “navigate with extreme caution”.
There is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
There is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning signal to approaching vessels, directing them to “keep clear”.
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
Which of the answers best summarises the information which should be provided for the bridge Officer of the Watch within an effective Voyage plan?
Contingency arrangements in case of problems.
Expected prevailing wind and weather.
Courses to steer; distance off dangers; parallel index lines; expected currents; prevailing winds; distance between alteration points.
All of the suggested answers.
What are the two parts of the magnetic compass error?
Permanent and induced magnetism.
The latitude and longitude.
The following vessels are all required to make the same sound signal when in or near an area of restricted visibility: a vessel not under command; a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; a vessel constrained by her draught/a sailing vessel; a vessel engaged in fishing; a vessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel. What is that signal?
One prolonged blast, followed by two short blasts, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
One prolonged blast, followed by two short blasts, at intervals of not more than 1 minute.
One prolonged blast at intervals at not more than 2 minutes.
Two prolonged blasts, followed by one short blast, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
What can be a cause of error observed on a gyro compass reading?
Large values of variation caused by the gyro pole.
Incorrectly set heading and speed values.
Fluctuations in the magnetism around the compass.
Incorrectly set latitude and speed values.
What is correct UTC in this example? Approx. Pos: N49° 51′ W35° 23′, zone +2, Local Time 0900.
The positions of the ship provided by the GPS receiver should always be verified by other means. Which of the following suggested methods would be the most accurate?
Bearing and distance from a navigational buoy.
Radar bearings of three distinctive shore objects.
A DR updated position from the last reliable one.
Radar ranges of three distinctive shore objects.
What is the correct understanding of the term “bank effect”? If a ship was approaching the bank at an angle, what would be the effect on the ship?
The vessel’s bow is pushed away from the bank.
The whole vessel would continue straight towards the bank and would require a large helm order to avoid going aground.
The vessel’s stern is pushed away from the bank.
The vessel’s bow is attracted by the bank.
Where would the “pivot point” be considered to be located when the ship is proceeding at full speed ahead and there is no wind or current?
At about 1/6 of the ship’s length from the bow.
At a position near the stern of the ship.
At about 1/6 of the ship’s length from the stern.
What is the depth of an iceberg below the surface of the sea?
The draught of an iceberg is normally about 3/4 of its total depth.
The draught of an iceberg varies with the type of berg and its age.
The draught of an iceberg is about the same as the visible part of the iceberg above the water.
The depth of an iceberg below the surface is always about one sixth of its total depth.
What is the description for a sidelight, as shown in rule 21 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea?
A red light or a green light, with a minimum range, in a vessel of 50 metres or more, of 3 miles. In a vessel of 10 metres.
A green light on the starboard side and red light on the port side, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 112,5°, from right ahead to 22,5° abaft the beam on the respective side.
A red, green or yellow lantern, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 112,5°.
A green light on the starboard side and red light on the port side, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 135°, from right ahead to 22,5° abaft the beam on the respective side.
What does this signal hoist mean?
I require immediate assistance.
I require medical assistance.
Do you require assistance?
Two mooring lines are pretensioned equally and have the same length, same breaking strength and same directional load. However, one is made of wire (with a full load elastic elongation of about 1,5 % of its length) and the other made of nylon (with a full load elongation of about 30 % of its length). If a gust of wind increases the load on the lines, how will it be shared?
Wire takes 45 % of the extra load. Rope takes 55 % of the extra load.
Wire takes 55 % of the extra load. Rope takes 45 % of the extra load.
The wire and rope will share the load equally.
Wire takes 95 % of the extra load. Rope takes 5 % of the extra load..
What does this flag mean?
I have a diver down; keep well clear at slow speed.
My vessel is stopped and making no way through the water.
I wish to communicate with you.
What are the main advantages to the Navstar, Glonas and Galileo satellite navigation systems?
If a vessel uses any one of them, there is no need to practice other forms of navigation.
These satellite systems give world-wide coverage 24 hours a day.
They are all made specifically for ships and marine operations.
Satellite navigation systems also give information about weather and wave conditions.
What letter is represented by this flag and what is it’s meaning when displayed by a vessel in port?
P – All persons should report on board as the vessel is about to proceed to sea.
W – All persons should report onboard as the vessel is about to proceed to sea.
S – I am operating astern propulsion.
According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions and the illustrated lights, what type of vessel is this and from what direction is it viewed?
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round white light. Looking at its port side.
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 metres in the direction of the all-round red light. Looking at it from astern.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor. Looking at its port side.
Who is ultimately responsible for the voyage plan?
The Second Officer as the official Navigation officer.
The Officer of the Watch (OOW) on duty.
The ship owner will provide overall parameters within which the ship must follow.
The ship has a right-handed propeller and is swinging to starboard when the engines are slow ahead and the rudder is to starboard. The engines are stopped and the rate of swing rapidly slows down. How could the swing to starboard be maintained without the ship making much headway.
By applying the rudder hard over to starboard and going ahead on the engines.
Astern on the engines will allow Transverse Thrust to continue the swing.
The only effective method is by using the bow thruster to push the bow to starboard.
Transverse Thrust will reduce the swing and therefore a kick ahead is necessary with full starboard helm applied.
What corrections must be applied to the echo sounder reading to compare the depth of water with the depth printed on the chart?
The distance between the pulse Transmitter and Receiver.
Allowance for the ships speed.
A man is reported to have fallen overboard and the Officer of the Watch releases the lifebuoy and starts a man overboard manoeuvre, who are the first persons onboard he should inform?
The crew quarters for extra lookouts.
Chief Officer and lifeboat party.
Which of the four calculations illustrated is the correct one to determine the latitude of the observer when the sun is on the meridian?
Calculation 3 is correct.
Calculation 1 is correct.
Calculation 4 is correct.
Calculation 2 is correct.
The ship is navigating in dense fog where the visibility is less than one mile. The Arpa radar is set on a range 12 miles on a course of 314° and own ship has a vector as shown. What is the vector mode selected on the Arpa?
Relative vectors, sea stabilised.
Relative vectors, ground stabilised.
What can be used to reduce the effect of the state of sea-water?
What is the colour and characteristic of a “towing light”, as defined in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea?
One of two all-round amber, alternate flashing lights, displayed where they can best be seen.
White, fixed, displayed as an additional light on the foremast over an arc of 225°, from right ahead to 22,5° abaft the beam on each side of the vessel.
Yellow, fixed, seen over an arc of 135° and so arranged as to display 67,5° from right aft on each side of the vessel.
Amber, all-round, flashing, where it can best be seen.
The ship is to berth alongside a quay in calm conditions of no wind or current. The ship has a single fixed pitch right handed propeller. Which angle of approach would be considered the most favourable?
The decision should be left to the pilot who is in charge of the manoeuvre.
What is “AIR DRAUGHT”, in the figure?
Air draught is indicated by B, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by A, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by C, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by D, in the figure.
The rudder is in the hard over position with the propeller stopped and the ship turning slowly. On a ship with a single fixed pitch right handed propeller and no thrusters, what can be done to make the ship increase the speed of turn without significantly increasing the forward speed of the ship?
Give the engines a short kick ahead.
Give dead slow ahead on the engines and leave the rudder in the hard over position.
Give full astern on the engines until ship has stopped and then full ahead on the engines with rudder hard over.
Give half astern on the engines as this will increase the rate of turn.
Which of the answers best summarises the information which should be provided for the bridge Officer of the Watch within an effective Voyage plan?
All of the suggested answers.
Contingency arrangements in case of problems.
Courses to steer; distance off dangers; parallel index lines; expected currents; prevailing winds; distance between alteration points.
Expected prevailing wind and weather.
You are approaching the port entrance. What do these lights mean?
A vessel may proceed only when she has received specific orders to do so.
Vessels may proceed – one-way traffic.
A vessel may proceed only when she has received specific orders to do so, except that vessels which can safely navigate outside the main channel need not comply with this message.
Vessels may proceed – two-way traffic.
What actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship’s steering gear fails?
Display the NUC signal and consider stopping the engines.
Request the engine room to check the steering gear.
All of the suggested answers.
Call the Master and advise him of the situation.
When splicing an eye on a mooring wire (using the recommended 5 full tucks and 2 half tucks) the effective breaking strength of the wire may be affected by the splice. What would be the anticipated change in the breaking strength of the wire?
No reduction in strength.
A reduction in strength of 1 % to 5 %.
A reduction in strength of 30 % to 40 %.
A reduction in strength of 10 % to 15 %.
What are the main components causing the magnetic compass to require a regular evaluation and compass correction?
The change in the position of the magnetic pole causing annual changes in the variation.
The continual changes of courses steered by the ship.
Permanent and induced magnetism in the ships structure.
What, by definition in the International Collision Regulations, is a “vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre”?
A vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by the Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
A vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of navigable water is restricted in her ability to deviate from her course and keep out of the way of another vessel.
A vessel engaged in underwater work, such as the laying, picking up or servicing of a pipeline, or which is in support of diving operations, performing dredging and mine-clearance or is deploying or recovering a pilot.
A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by the Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
You are in an area of restricted visibility and hear this signal. It is repeated at 2 minutes intervals. What does it indicate?
That there is another vessel in the vicinity and that she has just altered course to port.
That there is another vessel nearby, that she is underway, but stopped and making no way through the water.
That there are two more vessels nearby.
That there is another vessel nearby, but that she is at anchor.
What are we seeing here?
A sailing vessel, seen from astern, where the edges of her sidelights are both visible.
A sailing vessel less than 20 metres in length, displaying the optional combined lantern in lieu of standard sailing lights, seen head-on.
A sailing vessel of less than 10 metres in length, displaying the mandatory combined lantern in lieu of sailing lights, seen head-on.
A sailing vessel, at anchor.
Visual signals are used by aircraft in search and rescue operations to direct ships towards a casualty. The signals shown here are part of a sequence. What does it indicate?
The aircraft is directing a vessel towards the casualty.
The aircraft is short on fuel and is returning to base.
The assistance of your vessel is no longer required.
The casualty is sighted and will require medical assistance.
Which of the following precautions should be taken when work is to be carried out on the radar scanner unit on the mast?
A “Not to be used” sign on all radars and fuses for the complete radar systems to be removed.
A sign needs to be attached to all the radars warning the bridge officers of repairs and the fact the radars are “Not to be used”.
Only the electrical fuses forthe radar undergoing repairs needs to be removed, allowing the ship to retain a workable radar.
Only the electrical fuses for the scanner motor needs to be removed.
Where can the size of the Magnetic Compass Error be found?
By reference to the last entry in the Compass Error Log Book.
By taking a transit bearing of two fixed geographical positions and comparing it with the bearing of the same points on the chart.
On the chart in the centre of the compass rose or by reference to the Variation chart, taking into account the annual changes.
By taking the error from the Deviation Table on the bridge.
When making a new pilot ladder onboard the ship, which of the following ropes would be best suited as the side ropes on which the steps are fastened?
When the temperature of the air increases with height it is known as a “Temperature Inversion” and may influence the performance of some instruments on the ship. What should the bridge Officer of the Watch be prepared to happen?
The GPS may give errors of position because of interference of incoming signals from the satellites.
The radar will be show abnormal sea clutter as the pulse is trapped by the inversion.
Abnormal ranges of VHF RT and Second Trace Returns on the radar.
The bearings obtained from the Directional Finder (DF) will not be as accurate as normal.
In a canal without water flow, if a vessel was approaching a bank at an angle, what would be the probable effect on it?
The whole vessel would continue straight towards the bank and would require a large helm order to avoid going aground.
The vessel’s bow is attracted by the bank.
The vessel’s bow is pushed away from the bank.
The vessel’s stern is pushed away from the bank.
Which of the four figures illustrated shows the correct position line for the following situation: Latitude 50° 00′ N, Longitude 30° 00′ W, Time 1200 GMT. Course steered: 090° True, Speed: 12 knots, bearing of the sun: 200°, Intercept correction: 00° 02′ Towards (observed altitude – computed altitude).
If your vessel is fitted with wires on self-stowing “split drum” winches, the advantage of having these split drum winches is:
Increased brake holding capacity due to the ability to keep the paid out wire in a single layer on the drum.
Less chance of the wire being jammed in the reel.
All the listed alternatives.
What does this signal flag indicate when seen on a vessel in a port approach?
Keep clear. I have divers down.
I am in distress and require immediate assistance.
I require medical assistance.
What are the required data inputs into most gyro compasses to reduce any possible compass error?
Maximum helm angle and rolling period.
All of the data in the suggested answers.
What is the two letter signal, to be used by flags, radiotelephony or radiotelegraphy, meaning “Calling All Ships”?
In the diagram, the amount of water under the keel is indicated by the letter “C”. Which bridge instrument would measure this value?
Which of the following answers correctly specify the following most common rudders? a) UNBALANCED, b) BALANCED, c) SEMI-BALANCED and d) UNDERHUNG BALANCED. i. e. The number in the picture is related to the letter adjacent to the name of the rudder.
1 = d, 2 = a, 3 = b and 4 = c.
1 = b, 2 = c, 3 = d and 4 = a.
1 = c, 2 = d, 3 = a and 4 = b.
1 = a, 2 = b, 3 = c and 4 = d.
What is the probable cause of an error in position of the ship obtained from the GPS system?
A three dimensional instead of a two dimensional position output.
Abnormal sun spot activity causing unusual radiation effects.
Incorrect height of the antenna.
All of the suggested answers.
When using the echo sounder in a river the soundings indicated may be incorrect, what would be the most probable cause of the error?
The density of the water.
There should be no error with a properly working echo sounder.
The strength of the tide and current in the river.
According to rule 13 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, what is the definition of “an overtaking vessel”?
When the vessel is detected as a radar target or sighted visually in a position directly astern.
When coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 45° abaft her beam.
When coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22,5° abaft her beam.
When coming up with another vessel from any direction abaft her beam.