Heim Online-Tests CES Oil tanker 2nd-Off / 3rd-Off Test online CES 5.1 for 2nd-Off / 3rd-Off, Oil tanker vessel

Online-Test: Test online CES 5.1 for 2nd-Off / 3rd-Off, Oil tanker vessel

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Frage 1 aus 90

The self contained air support system on a totally enclosed lifeboat is designed to provide safe and breathable air with the engine running for a minimum of how many minutes?

10 minutes

5 minutes

30 minutes

20 minutes

You are carrying out a search in a smoke filled room wearing BA. How would you conduct this search?

Proceed straight ahead to the far bulkhead and then carry out a left or right hand search as appropriate

Proceed to the approximate centre of the room and then carry out the search on a circular pattern.

Carry out a right or left hand search and proceed carefully feeling the area in front with the foot and using the back of the free hand to check the area in front.

As soon as you enter carry out a right or left hand search by placing the appropriate hand onto the bulhead and then follow the bulkhead round as quickly as possible.

If circumstances permit, how should low expansion foam be applied to oil burning in the bulkhead of the engine room?

The foam should be applied to the centre of the fire.

The foam should be aimed at about 45 degrees upwards so that it can drop onto the fire

The applicator should be used in a sweeping motion to spread the foam over the surface.

The foam should be aimed at the bulkhead behind the fire and allowed to spread out slowly over the fire.

Where do we find information regarding fire extinguishers, fire doors, remotes release buttons, fire equipment etc. onboard a ship?

The engine log book

The ship's drawings

On the bridge

The ship's fire plan.

What alarm signal must be sounded by the alarm bells in case of fire?

Series of short blasts

A continuous signal

The signal which is stated in the muster list

One long blast followed by seven short blasts

*The engine room is equipped with regular fire hoses and nozzles. What is important to observe when using water as an extinguishing agent in the engine room?

Water may short circuit electrical installation and may be a threat to the personnel operating the fire hose as well as to electrical equipment itself

All the mentioned alternatives

Water has a clear limitation in fighting an oil fire

To reduce the negative effect of water in an engine room, the spraying function to be used. The spray function will also give the personnel operating the fire hose good shelter against heat

When an HF band a DSC distress alert is received, you have to listen to:

8414.5 kHz (DSC distress frequency in 8 MHz)

Don't know

the radio-telex distress frequency in the band in which the DSC distress alert was received

the radiotelephony distress fequency in the band in which the DSC distress alert was received

A received DSC ‘distress alert’ contains the following information: “UNDESIGNATED DISTRESS” Of this distress case:

Don't know

time is unknown

the position is unknown

the nature of distress is unknown

What data is at least requested in a DSC “distress alert” ?

the identification of the vessel in distress and her position

Don't know

the identification of the vessel in distress and the number of people on board

the identification of the vessel in distress, her position and the nature of distress

When a satellite receives a “distress alert” from a Cospas-Sarsat EPIRB, the relay of the “distress alert” can be delayed because the satellite cannot immediately contact a:

LES before the satellite is actually seen by this ground station

Don't know

LUT before the satellite is actually seen by this ground station

NCS before the satellite is actually seen by this ground station

Each ship fitted with a radiotelephone station shall listen on the distress frequency during navigation, for how many hours a day according to the regulations?

24 hours

16 hours

12 hours

8 hours

You are at the mainfold with the cargo surveyor, drawing samples at the start-up of cargo. A sample of 2-Ethyl Hexanol is off colour. The surveyor instructs you to open the manifold valve and start loading. What will you do?

Tip the sample into the drip tray and draw more samples until it clears. A maximum of ten litres may be drawn and dumped before it is considered a problem.

Open the manifold valve as requested but make a note in the log-book regarding the off-colour sample.

Keep the manifoild closed, report the situation to the Chief Officer.

Open the necessary tank loading valves and then open the manifold valve. With this product, the colour will soon clear.

What types of vessels shall carry an approved VRP (OPA-90)

Tanker vessels carrying oil or other dangerous cargo

Tanker vessels carrying oil without segregated tanks

All vessels carrying more than 10 000 gallons of oil , irrespective whether as cargo or bunker

Tanker vessels carrying oil

Unfortunately an insect has become lodged in the ear. How to remove the insect?

By using a Q-tip and carefully try to get the insect out

Gently flood the casualty's ear with terpid water so that the insect will float out.

Hold one hand across your nose and blow hard. Since the nose-channel is closed, the air will escape through the ears instead. And so will the foreign body.

By using rubber vacuum pump and suck the foreign body out.

For how long time must the printout from the Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment (ODME) be retained onboard?

Six months

Three years

Four years

Two years

MARPOL 73/78 - Annex I. Your vessel sailed from Bahrain heading for Singapore.2 days after departure, you like to empty your machinery space bilges. What will be the correct procedures in this connection?

Call the bridge and request for position and permission to discharge overboard through oilywater separating and filtering equipment.

Discharge overboard through oily-water separating and filtering equipment without calling the bridge.

Call the bridge and request for position and permission to discharge directly overboard.

Wait till after darkness and discharge in most convenient way.

Give the meaning of the following symbol

Portable foam applicator

Portable fire extinguisher

Powder installation

Foam installation

You are duty officer on the bridge. A person is reported missing. Which of the following actions are to be considered as the correct manoeuvre in this situation?

Scharnow Turn

Williamson Turn

Direct Turn

Evinrude Turn

Which one of the listed requirements regarding the general emergency alarm system do not correspond to present regulations? The general emergency alarm system shall:

be capable of operation from fire stations aboard the ship

be able of sounding the emergency alarm signal by the ships whistle or siren, and additionally on electrically operated bells or claxons

be audible through all accommodation and crew working spaces

have electric alarm bells (or claxons) powered from the ship-s main and emergency sources of electric power

A person wearing a thermal protective aid shall be able:

to climb up and down a vertical ladder

to wear a lifejacket inside

to jump into the water from a height of 4.5m

to swim a short distance trough the water and board a survival craft

Which of the following features is required for an anti-exposure suit ?

is made of such a material that it cannot be torn

is marked with the name of the vessel to which the appliance belongs

is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF

can be continously worn without impeding every duties to be performed by the wearer when in normal watch on the bridge

Which of the following fittings shall be provided to all lifeboats:

permanent boarding arrangements on both sides to enable persons in the water to board the lifeboat

a manually controlled lamp fitted on the outside

a remotely operated steering arrangement

an electric power starting system for the propulsion engine with one rechargeable energy source

Which item among those below is included in the normal equipment of every liferaft ?

two painters of a length equal to not less than the distance from the stowage position of the liferaft to the waterline

one rustproof graduated drinking vessel

one searchlight which can work continuously for not less than 3 hours

one boat-hook

Which one of the listed requirements regarding the stowage of a survival craft corresponds to present SOLAS regulations? Each survival craft shall be stowed:

In a secure and sheltered position and protected from damage by fire or explosion.

Wherever space is available.

In a state of readiness so that two crew-members can prepare for embarkation and launching in less than 15 minutes.

On the starboard side of the ship.

What do you understand by the term ‘Terminal Representative’?

A cargo facility terminal agent

A person appointed by a cargo terminal for matters related to crew welfare under the International Labour Convention

A person appointed by a cargo terminal for operations conducted by that terminal with regard to a ship

A bulk cargo terminal agent

Who is responsible for issuing an ISPS certificate?

The Port State

The Flag State

US Coast Guard

The insurance company

What is the name of the device used for supervising all the ballast water to be pumped over board?

Ballast Monitor. (BM).

Ballast Supervising Monitor. (BSM).

Oil Detection Monitoring Equipment.(ODME).

Ballast Handling Monitor.(BHM).

What is known as "cargo sweat" on a Bulk Carrier?

Condensation of moisture directly onto the ships structure

Condensation of moisture directly onto the cargo

Condensation of moisture onto the ships structure and cargo

Heating of cargo

Which of these is not covered in the chain register?

Deck cranes

The engine room gantry crane

Derricks

The gangway winch

Which is the lee side of a ship?

The lee side is the side facing the wind

The lee side is abaft the accommodation

The lee side is the side facing away from the wind

The lee side is forward of the accommodation

What is the minimum number of bolts required in a 12 inch bolted flange cargo hose coupling?

8 bolts

4 bolts

6 bolts

A bolt in every hole

On the figure there are four possible definitions of the term "STARBOARD BOW" given. Which one is the correct one?

Starboard bow is given by D on the figure

Starboard bow is given by C on the figure

Starboard bow is given by B on the figure

Starboard bow is given by A on the figure

You are testing the atmosphere in a cargo tank on an oil tanker, for the purpose of approving it as safe it for crew members to enter at the end of tank cleaning operations. According to the industry standard guidelines (ISGOTT), what measurements must be obtained before this permission is granted?

8% oxygen by volume and 0% hydrocarbon vapour concentration

21% oxygen by volume and less than 1% LFL hydrocarbon vapour concentration.

Minimum 17% oxygen by volume and not more than 1% LFL hydrocarbon vapour concentration.

21% oxygen by volume and less than 1% UFL hydrocarbon vapour concentration.

On oil tankers, Cargo tanks can be isolated from machinery spaces by:

Pump room

Ballast tanks

Cofferdams

All the answers are good

Which type of reliquefaction plant can have the cooling coil placed directly in the vapour space of the cargo tank?

The single-stage direct cycle reliquefaction plant.

The two-stage direct cycle reliquefaction plant.

One type of the indirect cycle reliquefaction plants.

The cascade direct cycle reliquefaction plant.

What is the most likely cause of the clean oil outlet pressure being higher than normal when operating a centrifuge as a fuel oil separator?

Drive clutch slipping.

Valve in the outlet line incorrectly positioned.

Broken water seal.

High fuel oil temperature.

Which of these statements is correct?

On certain routes cargoes must always be lashed in a standard manner irrespective of season

Under the Hague and Hague-Visby rules a shipowner must make a vessel seaworthy

Seaworthiness implies cargoworthiness

A vessel must be seaworthy at the commencement of a voyage

To allow efficient pumping of aromatic Crude Oil cargoes, they are usually heated to reduce their viscosity. What is the ideal maximum viscosity that is normally achieved for this purpose?

250 cSt (250 mm2/s)

450 cSt (450 mm2/s)

45 cSt (45 mm2/s)

1,250 cSt (1,250 mm2/s)

What is the correct definition of "boat deck"?

A deck of cards on board.

Deck and secure the boats.

The deck of the boat.

The deck for the lifeboats.

On a Container vessel, when will a hatch pontoon's quick-acting cleat need replacement?

When the rubber washer is compressed and hardened

When the cleat has sprung open at sea

When the cleat retainer is rusty

When the cleat retainer is distorted

Prior to commence loading, in what way would you best ensure a smooth technical operation?

Test/check the COW system?

Test/check the cargo pumps?

Test/check cargo pipes?

All the mentioned alternatives?

What is the minimum furnace temperature that must be reached during start up before waste material can be introduced into an incinerator?

1500 C

850 C

2500 C

2000 C

What is the main purpose of routine testing of cooling water?

To ensure that the proper residuals of treatment chemicals, as specified, are maintained at all times

To detect dissolved oxygen in the water

To measure the pH - value of the water

To detect presence of contaminants in the water

Depending on density or API, an error measurement of 0.1 degree Fahrenheit in a tank containing 50,000 cubic metres (314,491 barrels) of oil will result in which of the following volumes?

35 cubic metres (220 barrels).

25 cubic metres (157 barrels).

7 cubic metres (44 barrels).

16.5 cubic metres (104 barrels).

What does the IMSBC Code emphasise with reference to the exposure of personal to the dust created when carrying some bulk cargoes?

The restricted loading of certain cargoes which may be excessively dusty

A high standard of personal hygiene

The responsibility of the Master to ensure that staff are wearing the correct clothing

The code does not make any reference to this hazard

In the figure, which letter indicates what is known as "mooring bits"?

The mooring bits are indicated by B, in the figure

The mooring bits are indicated by C, in the figure

The mooring bits are indicated by D, in the figure

The mooring bits are indicated by A, in the figure

As ships get older which hatch covers need special attention when battening down for sea passage?

The aftermost hatch covers

The midships hatch covers

The foremost hatch covers

Hatch covers abaft the accommodation

What action should be taken by the watchkeeping engineer if the running machinery is operating at slightly high temperature but everything else appears ok?

It should be stopped and serviced immediately

It should be left running until the fault develops further.

It should be shutdown temporarily, allowed to cool down and then be restarted.

It should be brought to the attention of the Chief Engineer so that remedial action can be decided upon.

The use of steam driven ejectors for ventilation of cargo tanks having flammable vapours in them is not recommended now-a-days due to:

Steam at high velocities may generate static electricity which might cause incentive sparks?

It being not a very effective system for tank ventilation?

It is rather expensive to waste steam?

It might cause burns to unwary personnel?

Some centrifugal cargo oil pumps are designed with an automatic stripping system, which allows the cargo oil tank to fully discharge its contents. By what principle does such a stripping system operate?

On the basis that, if cargo vapour can be stopped from entering the cargo pump suction inlet, the flow will continue without cavitation.

By automatically reducing the rate at which oil cargo enters the cargo pump, such that any vapour lifted along with the liquid does not cause a loss of suction.

By the optimum size and positioning of the suction inlet that feeds the automatic stripping system, which ensures that the cargo oil tank is discharged to the maximum possible extent.

On the principle that if the suction is fitted low enough in the cargo oil tank and a specified minimum trim is maintained, suction will be available until the tank is completely discharged.

This vessel is encountered at the mouth of a river which leads to your discharge port. What do the various shapes tell you?

This is a vessel engaged in mine-clearance opetrations. The two balls in a vertical line indicate that it has a sweep mechanism deployed; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate that the vessel should be given a clearance of at least 1000 metres; the ball / diamond / ball indicate that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.

This is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations. The two balls in a vertical line indicate the side on which an obstruction exists; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate the side on which it is safe to pass; the ball / diamond / /ball in a vertical line indiacte that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.

This is a vessel engaged on port security duties. The two balls in a vertical line indicate that the port is closed; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate that the port is engaged in mine-clearance operations; the ball / diamond / ball in a vertical line indicate that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.

This is a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations. The two balls in a vertical line indicate the side on which it is safe to pass; the two diamonds in a vertical line indicate the side on which an obstruction exists; the ball / diamond / ball indicate that the vessel is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.

Hydrogen Sulphide in crude oil and certain other oil products is most obviously associated with problems of vapour inhalation, but which of the following is also a serious problem associated with this component, particularly in high concentrations?

Settling and layering.

Polymerisation.

Corrosion.

Acid build-up.

The ship's crew are supervising the stevedores loading a non-palletized, break bulk cargo of fruit packed in cartons onto a conventional reefer vessel. Select the best type of stow to achieve good carriage conditions for the cargo from the options given.

A very loose stow leaving large gaps between the cartons for the cold air to circulate between them.

A loose stow leaving small gaps between the cartons for the cold air to circulate between them.

A very tight stow where the last few cartons are forced into existing rows to prevent any movement.

A tight stow leaving no space between the cartons so that the cold air is forced through the fruit in the cartons.

The exhaust gas is too dark because of:

Any of the others.

Faulty fuel injection pumps or valves

Some cylinders is overloaded

Inlet or exhaust valves are leaking

When you are calibrating an instrument what is the most common first step in the procedure (consult the manual)

Adjustment of Zero-point and span

Adjustment of span

Adjustment of range

Adjustment of linearity

Which of the given options is the approximate value of the flammable range for Methane measured as a percentage volume in air?

5.3 - 14.0% by volume.

2.6 - 12.4% by volume.

3.5 - 13.0% by volume

1.4 - 10.8% by volume

Which of these actions should crew take if a suspicious object that may be a bomb is located during a search?

Cover the suspicious object with a box or blanket.

Place the object in a desk drawer or file cabinet.

Throw the object overboard.

Confirm with their search partner that the object found is suspicious.

What is the purpose of "Glycol Water Heating"?

The system heats glycol water which is pumped around cofferdam system to maintain the temperature inside those spaces, when loaded, at approximately - 5 C.

The system heats glycol water which is pumped around cofferdam system to maintain the temperature inside those spaces, when loaded, at approximately +25 C.

The system heats glycol water which is pumped around cofferdam system to maintain the temperature inside those spaces, when loaded, at approximately +15 C.

The system heats glycol water which is pumped around cofferdam system to maintain the temperature inside those spaces, when loaded, at approximately +5 C.

Is there a longitudal bulkhead in membrane tanks?

There is always transverse bulkheads in membrane tanks to reduce free surface of the cargo

There is steel frames instead of bulkheads in membrane tanks

There is always longtitudal bulkhead in membrane tanks

There isn't longtitudal bulkhead in membrane tanks

In what kind of atmosphere should tank washing be carried out onboard vessels with inert-gas system?

Steamed to a humidity of at least 75%

After an electric fan have been blowing fresh air into the tank for a minimum time of one hour.

After the bottom has been covered with salt water.

Inerted to less than 8% oxygen(IMO).

What will happen to the temperature in a cargo tank loaded with LNG if the vapour pressure is reduced by removing more vapour than is generated?

The LNG temperature will decrease.

The LNG temperature will remain the same, but the pressure will increase.

The LNG temperature will increase.

In order to make up the equilibrium pressure corresponding to its temperature, the vaporisation will accelerate because of increased heat.

What would be the effect of a large GM on a ro-ro vessel?

The possibility of assuming an angle of loll

A stiff ship with a quick roll period

An adverse affect on seaworthiness

The possibility of capsizing

What is the direction of wind associated with an anticyclone (area of high pressure) in the Northern Hemisphere?

Clockwise around the high pressure

Straight towards the centre of the anticyclone

Directly away from the centre of the anticyclone towards the nearest Low pressure.

Anticlockwise around the high pressure

What is the normal name given to the fuel oil used for the ship's main engines?

Fuel oil

Lubricating oil

Cargo

Bunkers

What should be continuously monitored when carrying DRI cargoes?

Hydrogen emissions

Integrity of the inert gas blanket

Nitrogen emissions

Cargo temperatures

Before a solid bulk cargo is loaded, the Master and shore representative must agree a loading plan which covers which of the following aspects?

Sequence of loading

Maximum permissible forces and moments on the ship

Quantity and rate of loading the cargo

All of the items specified in the possible answers

What is normally seen as the greatest risk when operating a high pressure, water tube, steam boiler with an excessively high level of Total Dissolved Solids?

Pitting corrosion at the water level in the boiler water drum.

General corrosion of boiler tubes and fittings

Hard scale deposits on boiler tubes and fittings

Foaming and carryover of water into the steam range.

By what formula is the displacement calculated? W = Displacement; L = length; B = Breadth; D = depth of vessel; Cb = Block Coefficient; Cw = Coefficient of waterplane; RD = relative density;

W = L x B x d x Cb

W = L x B x d x Cw

W = L x B x d x RD

W = L x B x d x RD / Cb

The engine is started by compressed air. Which one of the following statements is correct ?

If we have lost the starting air pressure, we can use a pressurized oxygen bottle from the welding equipment for an emergency start of the engine.

A heavily leaking starting air valve can cause an explosion in the starting air pipe system.

The starting air shall always contain some water.

If the engine does not turn when we open for the starting air, we can use the turning bar together with the starting air to get the engine out of a deadlock position.

The sign on the image indicates:

Location of immersion suit(s)

Location of boiler suit(s)

You should wear warm clothes in this area

You should wear immersion suit when working in this area

From the options given, select the most appropriate equipment for washing down a cargo space used for refrigerated cargo.

An air hose connected to a freshwater supply.

A mop and squeegee bucket filled with fresh water..

A fresh water hose connected to a fresh water supply.

A fire hose connected to the fire main..

What is the meaning of the expression 'dead-band'?

It will is not respond to adjustment of set-point

The controller will not react to a process change in this range

The controller will enter 'sleep mode'

It will take some time before the controller will react to a change

On a conventional reefer vessel the 'tween decks and lower hold are provided with scuppers leading into the hold bilges. The scuppers normally designed with a U-bend or non-return bend. Complete the following statement from the options given. "Prior to loading a cargo of hard frozen products the U-bend should be…

…filled with clean fresh water."

…filled with clean sea water."

left empty."

…filled with brine."

When will the Longitudinal Bending Moments caused by the cargo distribution need to be taken into account on an oil tanker?

Only during loading and discharging cargo

During loading, discharging and on loaded passage

Only when on passage in heavy seas and when the vessel is pitching

All the time

What is the correct understanding of the term "Lapse Rate" when used in Meteorology?

The rate of increase of the wind associated with a Tropical Revolving Storm.

The change of the temperature in the atmosphere with height above sea level.

The change in the temperature associated with the passing of the warm front of a frontal depression.

The delay in temperature reduction associated with the wet bulb thermometer of a hygrometer

Which one of the listed requirements for passenger ships regarding personal life-saving appliances do not correspond to present regulations?

The 5% extra lifejackets carried on board have to be stowed in conspicuous places on deck or at the muster stations?

Ro-ro passenger ships shall carry at least 2 lifebuoys provided with self-igniting lights an self-activating smoke signals

All lifejackets shall be fitted with reflex, a whistle and a light

All lifejackets shall be fitted with a whistle, a light and a smoke signal

On the air compressor's crankcase there is a small valve that lets off overpressure. What do we have to do if this valve is letting off pressure and oil moisture ?

Check the clearance in the bearings.

Increase the flow of cooling water.

Overhaul the compressor unit.

Block the valve because it pollutes the engine room (block off the valve).

During restricted visibility you are posted, as lookout, on the bridge and you hear 1 prolonged blast at intervals of no more than 2 minutes on your port bow. What will you report to the OOW (officer on watch)?

Power-driven vessel making no way on port bow

A vessel at anchor on port bow

A vessel aground on port bow

Power-driven vessel making way on port bow

What means of communication shall be provided to each member of the fire patrol?

Telephones in public spaces

Emergency telephones and Public Address system

A two-way portable radio

A mobile telephone

What basic information do we get from the pump system curve?

We get information about the pump’s suction height and liquid flow.

We get information about the pump’s liquid flow.

We get information about the pump’s lifting height and liquid flow.

We get information about the pump’s ampere, delivery pressure and suction height.

Some IMDG Cargo is loaded on deck of a General Cargo vessel; what information must be available on the bridge after sailing?

There must be a risk assessment and cargo stowage plan

There must be a cargo plan and permit to work completed

There must be cargo plan, cargo manifest and emergency schedule information from IMDG Code

The IMDG Code must be available

It is necessary, prior to loading a refrigerated cargo on a conventional reefer vessel, to prove that the hold bilges are clear and that the bilge system is functioning correctly. Which of the cargo types given in the options would be expected to produce the most water during a voyage?

A cargo of fruit loaded at field temperature.

A cargo of fruit loaded pre-cooled.

A cargo of hard frozen perishable goods.

A cargo of chilled meat.

Achieving a good air flow through the various cargo compartment of a reefer vessel is a principal design aim of a Naval Architect. Which of the options given represents the optimum cargo space shape?

A flared space that would be found in a forward upper deck.

A narrow tapered space as would be found in a forward lower deck.

A long oblong space as would be found in an after upper deck.

A square space as would be found in a midships lower deck.

During a stay in port, what shall always be ready at the gangway?

Air breathing apparatus.

Life buoy with line.

Survival suit.

Fireman’s outfit.

You are burning garbage containing plastics. What shall you do with the ashes from the vessel's incinerator?

Discharge the ashes to a shore facility

Discharge the ashes at sea providing you are more than 25 nautical miles offshore

Discharge at sea providing you are not in any river or estuary

Nothing, ashes from any substance which is incinerated can be discharged over board

When cross-flooding arrangements to correct unsymmetrical flooding and excessive heel angels in damaged condition are installed in passenger ships, what is the maximum angle of heel after flooding but before equalization?

10 degrees

15 degrees

20 degrees

30 degrees

What can be the result of the combination of free surface and flat tank bottom in partially loaded tank with heavy weathe ballast?

Generation of wave energy.

High metacentric hight.

High vertical shear force.

Longitudial bending moment.

What is the minimum number of relief valves to be fitted to any cargo tank of greater than 20 cubic meters capacity?

Minimum one pressure relief valve.

The number of relief valves is dependent of type of gas carrier.

At least two pressure relief valves.

Minimum two pressure relief valves in addition to the MARVS.

What would be the most probable cause of overheated bearings?

None of the mentioned alternatives

Lubricating oil pressure is too low.

Water in the fuel oil.

Charge air pressure is too low.

Read the text in the frame before answering the question: What are the most severe challenges to the shipping industry today?

The debate has concentrated on safety at sea and the wrecks of bulk carriers.

The focal points of the debate are the shortage of seafarers and the lack of proper self-discipline.

The main problems are the aging world fleet and old ships.

The challenges are mainly restricted to the fact that shipping in general does not get a good press.

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