Der Test besteht aus zufälligen Fragen zu einem ausgewählten Thema.
Which one of the listed requirements regarding lifeboat equipment correspond to present regulations? The normal equipment of every lifeboat shall include:
Helicopter rescue equipment
Sea charts and navigation equipment
*Which of the following instructions or information SHALL be contained in the Training Manual?
use of breathing apparatus
means of escape or escape routes
emergency repairs of fire-fighting equipment
use of communication equipment
A pan on the galley stove containing oil catches fire, which of the following should NOT be used on this type of fire?
Cover pan with fire blanket and switch of heat source.
Cover pan with lid and switch of heat source.
Use water extinguisher to put out the fire.
Raise the alarm, close galley door and wait for the fire teams to arrive.
With an Inmarsat-C installation there is the addressing-option “special”. Via this option:
you can send a message by express delivery
give one of Inmarsat’s “special accesscodes”
you can deliver a message via a special telegram
Messages sent via INMARSAT C are charged
on the number of kilobits of information transmitted per block of 1024 bits
on the basis of a three minute minimum charge with one minute incremental steps
on the basis of a six second minimum charge with six second incremental steps
on the number of kilobits of information transmitted per block of 256 bits
You are on a multiple-product chemical tanker with orders to load diethylamine. What is NOT a requirement for transporting this cargo?
The vessel must be equipped with visual and audible high level alarms.
Each crew member must be provided with an emergency escape breathing apparatus.
A person taking cargo samples must wear protective clothing.
You must have two toxic vapor detectors or the pumproom must meet special requirements.
To what pressure will a new length of cargo hose be tested by a manufacturer prior to its supply to a vessel for service onboard a chemical tanker?
Not more than one and a half times its specified maximum working pressure, but not less than two-fifths of its bursting pressure.
Not less than one and a half times its nominal bursting pressure, but not more than four-fifths of its specified maximum working pressure.
2 times its designed working pressure, but not more than three-fifths of its nominal bursting pressure.
Not less than one and a half times its specified maximum working pressure, but not more than two-fifths of its bursting pressure.
What does it mean if a product has the note F/T in Vapor detection colum in the IBC/BCH ?
The product is not flammable or toxic.
The product is both flammable and toxic.
The product is toxic but not flammable.
The product is flammable but not toxic.
A strain occurs when a muscle or group of muscles is over- stretched and possibly torn, by violent or sudden movement. Strain can be caused by lifting heavy weights incorrectly. The treatment of strain may be remembered as the word RICE.What is RICE an abbreviation for?
Right Internal Cooperative Ending.
Rubber, Internal, Careful, Estimation.
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
Rest, Injury, Care, Evaluation.
What does the abbreviation ABC mean in first aid?
Air, Breathing, Circulation.
Abandon, Balance, Circulation.
Air, Breath, Concentration.
What must be done if the Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment (ODME) should fail during a ballast voyage?
All of the mentioned must be performed
If the failure cannot be repaired onboard, the ODME must be repaired before the ship commences its next voyage
The failure must be noted in the Oil Record Book
The failure must be repaired
Which of the four calculations below is the correct set up, if you want to find observed latitude when the sun is on the meridian?
Calculation 2 is correct.
Calculation 4 is correct.
Calculation 3 is correct.
Calculation 1 is correct.
What are the advantages of having mooring wires stowed on self-stowing "split drum" winches?
Increased brake holding capacity due to the ability to keep the paid out wire in a single layer on the drum
Less chance of the wire becoming jammed on the reel
All the listed alternatives answers
Where do you think the "pivot point" is located when your ship is going full speed ahead? No wind, current.
At about 1/6 of the ship-s length from the stern
At about 1/6 of the ship-s length from the bow
When a conventional rudder is put hard over it creates a lift force and a drag force. When the ship has started to turn, how much lift force do you think remains if the rudder-angle is decreased to 20 degrees from hard over position (35 degrees)?
If you are called upon to reeve a new wire onto a selfstowing winch drum you would, after looking at brake arrangement, reeve it to pay out as follows:
Doesn-t matter which direction.
Depends on the lay of the wire strands.
Your vessel is moving in Panama Canal waters. When must the master or his qualified representative be on the bridge?
When going through the Gaillard cut only.
When at anchor or alongside a pier.
When entering or leaving locks only.
*How much liferaft capacity should be provided on a conventional cargo ship of more than 85 meters in length.
75% of the complement on each side of the ship
100% of the complement if it can be readily launched on either side of the ship. If it cannot be readily launched on either side, 100% must be provided on each side
50% of the complement on each side of the ship
25% of the complement on each side of the ship
*Which one of the given requirements listed below, regarding survival craft muster and embarkation arrangements, listed below, corresponds to the present SOLAS regulations ?
searchlights to be provided at the launching station
muster and embarkation stations are to be arranged separately to improve working conditions
muster and embarkation stations shall be readily accessible from accommodation and work areas
davit-launched survival craft muster and embarkation stations shall not be arranged to enable stretchers to be placed in survival craft
Which of the following features is required for an anti-exposure suit ?
is fitted with a light and a whistle
is marked with the name of the vessel to which the appliance belongs
can be continously worn without impeding every duties to be performed by the wearer when in normal watch on the bridge
is made of such a material that it cannot be torn
Which item among those below is included in the normal equipment of every liferaft ?
two painters of a length equal to not less than the distance from the stowage position of the liferaft to the waterline
one rustproof graduated drinking vessel
one searchlight which can work continuously for not less than 3 hours
Which item among those below is included in the normal equipment of every lifeboat ?
an operational compass provided with a binnacle
sea-charts and navigating equipment
one life-jacket for each person
What is the purpose of the "Bowsing tackle" (block and tackle) supplied at each end of the lifeboat?
It keeps the boat alongside the embarkation deck so that the tricing pennants can be released
It enables the boat to be secured to the embarkation deck so that the wire falls can be released for replacing, or reversing the ends
It is a general purpose tackle to be used in any type of emergency
It is designed to pull the boat alongside the embarkation deck after the tricing pennants have been released
Give the meaning of the following symbol
Survival craft portable radio
Survival craft distress pyrotechnic signals
During helicopter evacuation of an injured man, what course should the ship steer?
With the wind fine on the bow opposite to the helicopter operating area
With the wind astern so that the effect of the wind is reduced as much as possible
As instructed by the helicopter pilot
During test and/or maintenance work of the CO2 system affecting the release system, precautions to ensure that the gas is not released into the engine room due to a mistake are to be ensured. What precautions should be taken?
No special precautions necessary.
Arrange a watchman in the CO2 central.
Check the main valve for a potential leakage.
The main supply line to be blanked off prior to the work.
The responsibility for safety and security rests with everybody on board the vessel. General house-keeping rules should be followed. Which of the listed rules is the most important?
Do not carry lighters or matches when working outdoors.
Keep tools within easy reach during work.
Keep your working area clean and tidy.
Always use gloves when using grinding machines.
How many rescue boats should be provided on ro-ro passenger ships of 500 gross tons and above?
Two Fast Rescue Boats, one on each side of the ship
None providing the ship has lifeboats
Two, and at least one of the rescue boats shall be a Fast Rescue Boat
Under MARPOL 73/78 what category would wet kraft paper remaining on board, constitute?
Signals are often used by aircraft engaged in search and rescue operations to direct ships towards a casualty. This aircraft flies across your stern, rocking his wings. What is the meaning of the signal?
The aircraft is telling me he does not understand my last message.
The assistance of your vessel is no longer required.
This is part of a sequence of manoeuvres by which the aircraft will indicate a direction for my vessel to proceed in.
The aircraft is telling me he is preparing to drop supplies or personnel in the water.
What does this signal hoist mean?
I require immediate assistance.
Do you require assistance?
I require medical assistance.
Why is it necessary to have an effective ballast water management plan which includes provision for changing out ballast in open water rather than discharging ballast in coastal waters?
To allow ballast tank inspections to be carried out during ballast passage.
To keep the ballast water fresh in the ballast tanks during long voyages.
To avoid the introduction of non-indigenous species of marine life from one area to another.
To ensure that ballast tanks are always pressed up during a ballast voyage to avoid free surface effects.
What is a digital signal?
A signal indicating Revolutions per minute (RPM)
A signal used by multimeters to measure resistance.
The reading of a multimeter when indicating voltage, current or resistance.
A signal with discrete levels such as 0 = "low" and 1 = "High"
How should cargo hold ventilation be carried out on a Ro-Ro vessel loading or discharging cargoes?
With the ventilation fans set to ‘supply'
With the ventilation fans set to ‘exhaust'
With ventilation fans set alternately to ‘supply' and ‘exhaust'
Which of the following cargo types could normally be stowed next to drums of cement on a General Cargo Vessel?
A heavy metal concentrate bulk cargo has a moisture content of 16 and a transportable moisture limit of 18, what should the Master do?
Request additional moisture tests to be done
Seek advice from charterers and owners
Refuse to load the cargo as the moisture content is outside acceptable limits
Load the cargo as the moisture content is within acceptable limits
On a RoRo vessel, which of the ships trading certificates details the type and location that dangerous goods are allowed to be stowed onboard
The Cargo Ship Safety construction certificate
Safety Equipment certificate
Certificate of compliance for the carriage of Dangerous goods
Where are cargo hold water level detectors required to be fitted on bulk carriers?
At the port and starboard midship sections of each cargo hold
At the forward end of each cargo hold
At the after end of each cargo hold
There has been an accident at the manifold and one of the crew has swallowed a quantity of unidentified chemical. What is the correct medical term for this?
How many hours before departure should the ship's steering gear be checked and tested?
What is the correct procedure when transferring (internal trimming) of oil cargo is necessary?
Obtain permission from charters and note procedures in oil record book and deck log
Ensure the vessel is even keel on arrival port
Only 5% cargo permitted to transfer.
Ensure safe ballast condition
What name is given to the rotating jet water outlets on a tank-cleaning machine that is used on an oil tanker?
Parallel sweep search in a co-ordinated manner is achieved when?
All facilities proceed with minimum safe speed
All facilities proceed with same speed
All facilities proceed with maximum safe speed
All facilities proceed with different speed
If an engine does not turn when the starting air is applied, what could be the most probable cause?
One or more starting air valve(s) have stuck.
The starting air distributor does not rotate, the coupling drive defective.
Starting air pressure is too low.
The piston rod of a large two stroke diesel engine has been damaged and is heavily scored in way of the piston rod gland (stuffing box). It has been decided that it is economically viable to recondition the rod at a shoreside facility. Select, from the options given, the most suitable repair method that should be used?
Recondition the rod by build up using electric arc welding and surface grinding.
Recondition the rod by machining away the score marks and fit undersize rings to the stuffing box.
Recondition the rod by surface grinding and build up using plasma spraying with metal similar to the original.
Recondition the rod by surface grinding and build up using chrome plating to give a harder running surface and avoid similar damage in the future.
You are in charge of a night bunkering operation. The delivery rate from the supplier is high and you are filling six tanks simultaneously. You loose track of the progress of the operation and feel that you are loosing control of the situation. What action should you take?
Stop bunkering, and establish facts, before bunkering is resumed
Request a reduction in the delivery rate to try and gain some time.
Prepare yourself and the crew for an overflow.
Open more tanks to slow down the filling rate of individual tanks.
What does the 1 Engineer want to have done?
He wants the feed water tank inspected
He wants the Fitter to Check the CO 2 equipment
He wants the feed water tank cleaned
He wants the heating coils inspected
When cargo discharge reaches stripping levels on an oil tanker, it is necessary to reduce the inert gas pressure. Why is this?
To avoid over-capacity in the IG generator.
To avoid locking the cargo pump impeller.
To comply with MARPOL Annex VI.
What would be the correct form of response to the question: What kind of assistance do you require?
The correct form of response would be: There is a fire onboard my vessel
The correct form of response would be: I need help as soon as possible
The correct form of response would be: I need help on board with a fire and the smoke is very toxic
The correct form of response would be: My vessel has a fire in the accommodation and we require fire-fighting assistance
The use of a chemical additive to induce a chemical reaction and so expedite the cleaning of a cargo tank on a chemical tanker is a common operational technique. What is the chemical term for the substance used in such a procedure?
What are the disadvantages of large double bottom tanks on a double hull oil tanker?
The effect of free surface and reduction in the transverse metacentric height.
Suddenly developing a severe trim.
Potential hazards relating to damage to internal structure and pipelines.
Increased longitudinal bending moments.
What would be the likely cause if the shaft of a centrifugal pump shows excessive wear in way of the stuffing box?
The discharge pressure of the pump is too high.
Wrong direction of rotation of the pump.
Over tightening of the gland packing.
Incorrect material used in construction of the shaft.
What are the duties of engine room ratings forming part of an engine room watch?
To note all machinery not functioning properly.
To clean and maintain dirty equipment.
To assist in the efficient and safe watchkeeping.
To verify the current operational parameters.
What danger is associated with damaged expanded metal gratings on loading ramps?
Vehicles’ windscreens may be damaged during cargo operations
The front and/or rear ends of vehicles may be damaged during cargo operations
Vehicles’ tyres may be damaged during cargo operations
The load density of the ramp will be affected
Pitting corrosion is found around the steam drum water line of a high pressure steam boiler. From the options given, select the one most likely to cause this condition.
Dissolved oxygen levels are too high.
Seawater leakage from the condenser.
Total dissolved solids levels are too high.
Excess hydrazine dosage to the feed water system.
In the ISGOTT Guide, petroleum products are divided into two general groups for the purposes of indicating flammability, based on flashpoint and vapour pressure. These two groups are named 'Volatile' and 'Non-volatile'. To be considered Non-volatile, which of the following criteria must be met?
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or above (open cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient temperature, equilibrium gas concentrations above the Upper Flammable Limit.
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or below (closed cup method), these liquids produce, when equal to or below any ambient temperature, gas concentrations of less than 5% by volume.
With a Flashpoint of 37.8 degrees C or above (open cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient pressure, equilibrium gas concentrations below the Lower Flammable Limit.
With a Flashpoint of 60 degrees C or above (closed cup method), these liquids produce, when at any normal ambient temperature, equilibrium gas concentrations below the Lower Flammable Limit.
What is done at a five yearly thorough inspection of lifting plant on a General Cargo vessel?
Lifting plant is proof load tested and all parts thoroughly examined
Deck cranes are tested and their parts thoroughly examined
What is meant by being intrinsically safe?
Electric wiring executed by approved manufacture?
Any electrical product, being water resistant?
Explosion proof product having a special wiring system?
Can not produce enough energy to ignite a gas (explode)?
Complete the following statement from the options given. 'Following maintenance work to a single element, feed water regulator for a steam boiler it is necessary to...
..apply lagging to the whole device.
..apply lagging only to the parts that can be touched by personnel.
..apply lagging to the water connection only.
..apply lagging to the steam connection only.
Certain oil cargoes, such as aviation turbine kerosenes or diesel oils, are specifically noted in ISGOTT as having an inherent hazard that requires ship's staff to monitor tanks containing them when on passage. What is that hazard?
They can absorb oxygen during the refining process and later release it into oxygen deficient atmospheres such as the ullage spaces in cargo tanks; the spaces should be monitored and the atmosphere adjusted if necessary.
They can release acidic elements when the ship is passing through tropical sea areas and the sea temperature rises above 30 degrees Celsius. A sharp odour may give an indication od increased corrosion which will require examination and possible attention after discharge.
Through contact with the tank structure, they can release highly toxic and corrosive matter which will remain in the sludge and can burn human tissue badly during a manual cleaning process. This can be detected by a drop in PTL factor and periodic tests should be made by ship's staff.
Unless containing an inhibitor, they can release toxic vapours if remaining in the ship for in excess of 60 days. If the cargo expands, these vapours may be released onto deck via the P/V valves and become a safety concern if thery enter the ship's ventilation systems.
Why is the overboard discharge outlet on a chemical tanker located below the waterline?
To prevent damage to the hull paint by any chemicals that might be blown back against the ship's side.
So that personnel on board are protected from hazardous vapours by a layer of seawater.
So that tank cleaning can be carried out without anyone noticing.
To ensure that the cargo residues pumped out during tank washing are thoroughly dissolved and distributed in the ship's wake.
Select the three main checks that must be made to ensure that a hold of a General Cargo Vessel is fully weathertight before sailing ?
Hatch cover fully secured, hold access battened down and ballast tanks checked dry
Hatch cover fully secured, hold access battened down and bilge sounding pipe caps on
Hatch cover fully secured, ballast tank ventilators closed down and ballast tank sounding pipe caps on
Hatch ventilators closed, cranes secured and bilges pumped out
Where would you look for definitive information on whether a particular cargo is classified as a "Noxious Liquid Substance"? (Other than products provisionally assessed).
The pollution category column of chapters 17 or 18 of the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).
The product groups within the list of cargoes contained in the Chemical Data Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water.
The Procedures and Arrangements Manual.
The pollution category of chapter 17 (only) of the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).
What is the main purpose of a heat exchanger in a cooling water system?
To reduce water turbulence
To maintain a steady pressure in the system
To reduce engine room temperature
To transfer heat from one fluid to another
The cargo containment system for some LNG carriers is in the form of spherical tanks. What is the IMO classification for this type of tank?
Spherical self-supporting, type "A” tanks.
Spherical non-self-supporting, type "C" tanks.
Spherical tanks with full secondary barrier.
Spherical self-supporting, type "B" tanks.
When preparing cargo cranes for operation on a General Cargo ship using shore personnel, what are three of the most important checks to be made?
Crane wire is greased, windows clean and cab heater on
Check that cab is clean, air conditioning is on and windows clean
Limit switches are not in use, wires are clean and emergency stop is isolated
Check that winches, brakes and emergency stops are working correctly
When the temperature of the air increases with height it is known as a "Temperature Inversion" and may influence the performance of some instruments on the ship. What should the bridge Officer of the Watch be prepared to happen?
The GPS may give errors of position because of interference of incoming signals from the satellites
The bearings obtained from the Directional Finder (DF) will not be as accurate as normal
Abnormal ranges of VHF RT and Second Trace Returns on the radar
The radar will be show abnormal sea clutter as the pulse is trapped by the inversion.
With regard to folding hatch covers in the open position, what will happen when the hydraulic cylinder piston is extended?
The hatch cover panels should rack backwards
The hatch cover panels should rack backwards releasing the cleat wedges
What is normally seen as the greatest risk when operating a high pressure, water tube, steam boiler with an excessively high level of Total Dissolved Solids?
Pitting corrosion at the water level in the boiler water drum.
General corrosion of boiler tubes and fittings
Hard scale deposits on boiler tubes and fittings
Foaming and carryover of water into the steam range.
What is the purpose of girders in the tank?
They support the stiffeners
They transfer all the sea forces acting on the plating
They transfer all the cargo forces acting on the plating
They support the stiffeners and also take up some of the sea forces
Besides the Jensen Sling, what other method is used to load and discharge paper reels from a general cargo vessel?
In terms of food temperature, what is considered to be the "danger zone" at which bacteria can flourish?
Above 63 degrees Celsius.
Between 15.6 and 37.8 degrees Celsius.
Between 5 and 63 degrees Celsius.
Give clear, direct instructions in an emergency, and show passengers exactly what they need to do. What is the most important reason for doing this?
3% of passengers have little or no ship safety knowledge.
25% of passengers go into shock.
75% of passengers are confused, and feel helpless.
What is the minimum MARVS on a fully pressurised liquefied gas carrier?
Not less than the gauge vapour pressure of the cargo at 45 degrees C.
Not less than the gauge vapour pressure of the cargo at 0 degrees C
What is the main difference of deep well and submerged pumps?
The main difference is that deep well pumps are driven by hydraulic motor and submerged pumps are driven by electric motor
The main difference is that deep well pumps are more expensive than submerged pumps
The main difference is that deep well pumps are more easy to maintain than the submerged pumps
The main difference is that deep well pumps are connected to the motor with a long shaft and submerged pumps have both pump and motor submerged down in the tank
Which group of dangerous goods is generally considered as being the most hazardous for marine transportation on a General Cargo Vessel?
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers detailed regulations to prevent various sources of ship generated pollution. Annex I - VI deals with regulations for the prevention/ control of pollution from:
Proper Pollution Prevention Training
Oil, Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk, Harmful Substances in Packaged Form, Sewage, Garbage and Ballast Water
All Harmful Substances we have onboard
Harmful Substances in Packaged Form, Sewage, Air Pollution, Garbage, Oil and Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers detailed regulations to prevent various sources of ship generated pollution. Annex I - VI deals with regulations for the prevention/ control of pollution from:
All Harmful Substances we have onboard
Proper Pollution Prevention Training
Harmful Substances in Packaged Form, Sewage, Air Pollution, Garbage, Oil and Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
Oil, Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk, Harmful Substances in Packaged Form, Sewage, Garbage and Ballast Water
Ro-ro passenger ships shall either carry automatically self-righting liferafts or canopied reversible liferafts. What does it mean that a liferaft is automatically self-righting?
The liferaft will automatically turn back into an upright position when it is empty of people
It means the same as self-righting lifeboats
One person can manage to turn the liferaft back into an upright position
The liferaft will automatically turn back into an upright position when it is fully loaded with people
Before commencement of any work aloft, you should carry out risk assessment of the worktask. What kind of extra personal protective equipment is required as a minimum to carry out the work?
Carry out the work without extra personal protective as long as no one sees what's going on
All personnel who are working aloft, where there is a risk of falling more than two metres, should wear a safety harness (or belt with shock absorber) attached to a lifeline.
As long as someone is supporting the ladder there is no need for extra personal protective equipment
Where will you find instructions on how reduce or control an oil spill during bunker operations on a General Cargo vessel?
In the company's safety manual
In the Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP)
If you observe 2 vehicles having an accident on car deck during loading, what should you do?
Report immediately to the loading officer
Call the security officer
While assisting the watchkeeper with routine cleaning of the fuel oil separator the watch rating is requested to clean the plate stack. Which of the options given is the preferred method for such a task?
With the plate stack in position fill the purifier bowl with clean diesel oil and quickly switch it on and off to wash the plates.
Soak the dirty plates in a solvent for an hour and then stand them on the engine room deck to drain off.
Soak the plates in a suitable solvent until all of the dirt has loosened off and wipe clean with rags.
Scrape the plates as clean as possible with a packing knife and then wash them with a high pressure water hose.
In what circumstances can a ships loading computer be used with confidence on a container vessel.
When the computer has been manufactured by a reputable supplier.
When a new computer with a large RAM has been received.
When the loading computer has been approved by Class.
When the computer has been supplied by the company IT department.
A galley hot plate uses a Nichrome / Magnesium Oxide heating element and is to be tested before being put into service for the first time. An insulation resistance test yields a reading of 0.3 M Ohm. Which action should be taken?
Wash the element in a degreasing agent. Then retest and if ok put it into service.
Put the element into service.
Apply reduced voltage to the element for a few minutes. Then retest and if ok put into service.
What is the letter ‘P’ under the IMDG Code?
Which of the following is an acceptable reason to avoid a mandatory prewash and may result in an exemption being granted by the Government of the receiving Party?
That the unloaded tank will be washed outside a special area.
That the vessel's stripping system can reduce the residues to less than 10 litres in the relevant tank and its associated piping.
That the vessel temporarily has defective tank cleaning equipment and the prewash will be carried out at the first available opportunity after repairs have been completed and the tank will not be loaded or ballasted before that time.
That the unloaded tank is to be reloaded with the same substance or another substance compatible with the previous one and that the tank will not be washed or ballasted prior to loading.
Which of the following policies will best prevent germs and contamination being introduced into the galley area?
Post a notice outside the galley asking people to wash their hands before entering the galley area.
Require personnel from other departments to be checked by a member of the galley staff before allowing them to enter.
Prohibit unauthorised persons from the galley area when food is being prepared or served.
Prohibit unauthorised persons from the galley area at all times.
What extent of hatch cover spares should be available on board at all times?
Rubber packing and hatch cleat washers for one panel section
Specimen fittings shown in the hatch cover manufacturer’s manual
Rubber packing hatch cleat washers and glue for two panel sections
Rubber packing and hatch cleat washers for two panel sections
"Which of these precautionary measures can reduce the threat of piracy, if implemented?"
Plan to arrive at port at night.
Turn off all of the ship’s lights at night.
Stay at least 15nm away from the shore.