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在线测试： Test for seamans about Marine Environment Awareness
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该测试由 80 个随机问题组成。
有关此主题的总问题： 95
有关此主题的总问题： 95
问题 1 从 80
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Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true?
Since 1979 the amount of oil entering the sea as a result of shipping operations has decreased.
More and more oil is transported by ships.
Oil is not toxic to zooplankton.
Natural and land-based sources also contribute oil to the marine environment.
Is it true that species that are too large to be taken up in a ballast water tank can be transported by ships?
No, only species that are small enough to be taken up in a ballast water tank can be transported by ships.
No, because large species do not survive the harsh conditions inside the ballast water tank.
Yes, because their eggs and larvae are small enough to be taken up in a ballast water tank.
Yes, because large species always have the ability to attach themselves to the ship’s hull.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. The main ecological impacts of oil on the marine environment are:
Death of seabirds, fouling of coastal areas.
Ingestion by fish, fouling of coastal areas.
Ingestion by mammals, fouling of rocky shores.
Ingestion by mammals, death of seabirds.
Which of the given options defines microplastics in the marine environment?
Pieces of plastic smaller than 5 mm in size.
Pieces of plastic smaller than 10 mm in size.
Pieces of plastic smaller than 15 mm in size.
Pieces of plastic smaller than 20 mm in size.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. A typical food chain in a kelp forest would consist of:
Kelp – sea urchins – sea otters.
Sea urchins – kelp – sea otters.
Kelp – turtles – sharks.
Sea urchins – turtles – humans.
Which of the gases given in the options are not usually emitted by ships during normal operations?
Cargo emissions such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
NH4.
CO2.
SOx and NOx.
Approximately how much of the world’s surface is covered by water?
10 %.
40 %.
70 %.
90 %.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. In relation to climate change, the scientific community agrees:
That the climate is changing and that humans play a role in this.
That sea levels will rise at least 0,5 meter this century.
That all of the glaciers will disappear this century.
That the temperature on earth will rise more than 4,0 °C.
Which one of the marine ecosystems given in the options is normally only found in tropical areas?
Coral reefs and mangroves.
Coral reefs and seagrass beds.
Mangroves and seagrass beds.
Mangroves and kelp forests.
Approximately how long does it take for a plastic bottle to break down in the marine environment?
450 years.
200 years.
150 years.
20 years.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true?
Marine mammals use sound only for communications.
Ship’s noise, military sonar and underwater construction are examples of human made sounds under water.
Marine mammals, fish and even coral reefs make sounds.
Background noise from ships makes it harder for animals to hear other sounds.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Dumping plastic at sea is:
Never allowed.
Only allowed when sailing faster than 10 knots.
Only allowed after breaking it up into small pieces.
Only allowed in the open seas.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. The main problem with microplastics being present in the marine environment is that:
They may be eaten by small animals and enter the food chain.
They are too small to be seen.
They stick together and to larger plastic items.
They sink to the sea floor.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Three main biological differences between coastal seas and open oceans are:
Types of phytoplankton, levels of primary production and lengths of food chains.
Types of phytoplankton, levels of primary production and numbers of bacteria.
Numbers of bacteria, levels of primary production and lengths of food chains.
Types of phytoplankton, the 10 % rule and lengths of food chains.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT correct in relation to seafarers, shipping and the environment?
Seafarers have no influence on how things work on board; they should just follow orders.
Seafarers are essential to make regulation and procedures work.
Seafarers can make a difference in the environmental performance of shipping.
Seafarers are an important part of the shipping industry.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. The Planet P in sustainable development relates to:
Care for the natural world.
Making a business profit.
Acceptable working conditions for employees and societal acceptance.
Preventing invasive species from spreading around the planet.
Which of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to sewage discharges from ships?
Discharges of sewage often leads to problems in the open ocean.
Discharge of sewage may lead to problems when it contains cleaning chemicals.
Sewage can cause problems when it contains cleaning chemicals.
When discharging sewage nutrients are added to the sea giving algae extra food.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to shipping and the environment?
Disasters with oil tankers are the only important environmental impact from shipping.
Environmental impacts from ships include emissions into the atmosphere and dumping of waste and oil into the sea.
Most of the harmful emissions from ship come from the daily operational release of substances.
Over 90 % of world trade is carried by sea.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. The People P in sustainable development relates to:
Acceptable working conditions for employees and societal acceptance.
Simply making a commercial profit.
Care for the natural world.
The number of people employed by an environmentally friendly company.
Which one of the statements given in the options is INCORRECT in relation to open oceans?
Open oceans have a richer sea life than coastal seas.
Open oceans have less nutrients than coastal seas.
Open oceans have longer food chains than coastal seas.
Open oceans are deeper than coastal seas.
Which one of the given options best represents the main constituents that make up the exhaust gas emissions from ship’s diesel engines?
CO2, SOx, NOx and PM.
CO2, NH4, NO and PM.
CO2, SOx, NOx and CFC’s.
CO2, NH4, NOx and CFC’s.
Which one of the given options is the estimated operational discharge of oil into the sea in 2002?
24 % of oil entering the sea.
16 % of oil entering the sea.
8 % of oil entering the sea.
32 % of oil entering the sea.
Which of the given options is the typical make up and order of a simple, marine food chain?
Phytoplankton – zooplankton – small fish – large fish.
Zooplankton – phytoplankton – small fish – large fish.
Zooplankton – small fish – large fish – humans.
Phytoplankton – large fish – humans.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to the transfer of marine life through ballast water operations?
Faster ships make it harder for marine species to travel.
At least 10 000 different species travel in ship’s ballast tanks around the world.
Every year, 10 to 15 billion tons of ballast water is carried along by ships.
Most species do not survive inside ballast tanks.
Which one of the given options is a key-element of the natural greenhouse effect?
The Earth captures all of the heat radiated by the Sun.
Greenhouse gases prevent heat from the sun reaching the Earth.
Greenhouse gases prevent heat from the sun escaping from the Earth and keep the Earth warm.
Greenhouse gases prevent hazardous UV radiation from the Sun reaching the Earth.
A food chain has five levels and 1 000 000 kg of phytoplankton. The food chain consists of phytoplankton – small zooplankton – large zooplankton – small fish – predator fish. How much of the top predator will be produced according to the 10 % rule?
100 kg.
1 000 kg.
10 kg.
1 kg.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. A Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA), as defined by the IMO, is:
An area protected from potential damage by shipping and fishing.
An area protected from potential damage by shipping.
An area protected from oil pollution by shipping.
An area protected from potential damage by shipping and fishing and tourism.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Research shows that the main reason for dumping solid waste from ships is:
Simply habit.
The lack of storage space.
The cost of collection.
That the rules are not clear.
When sewage enters the sea in a coastal area it adds extra nutrients and phytoplankton may grow “out of control”. What happens when bacteria break down the increased number of dead phytoplankton which will result from this situation?
Oxygen levels decrease because bacteria use up oxygen when decomposing algae.
Oxygen levels increase because bacteria produce oxygen when decomposing algae.
Oxygen levels decrease because bacteria use up oxygen when performing photosynthesis.
Oxygen levels increase because bacteria produce oxygen when performing photosynthesis.
Which statement is NOT true in relation to transport of goods by sea?
Only 75 % of world trade is carried by sea.
Over 90 % of world trade is carried by sea.
Compared to other means of transport, shipping is the most energy efficient.
In 2005, shipping transported 6,6 billion tons of cargo.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Bioaccumulation can be defined as:
The process by which chemicals are broken down by organisms.
The process by which chemicals have toxic effects in animals.
The process by which chemicals tend to reach higher concentrations high in the food chain.
The process by which chemicals accumulate as sediment on the sea floor.
Which of the statements given in the options is NOT true?
Under the new IMO Ballast Water Convention, ships must exchange ballast water at sea or kill the organisms transported in the ballast water.
Fouling on the ship’s hull leads to increased fuel consumption.
TBT worked very well as antifouling but proved very toxic for marine life.
TBT is still used as antifouling in some paints.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to sustainable development?
We try ensure that our children and grand-children will be able to live on this planet as well.
The aspects of planet, profit, and people all receive attention.
Business do not only focus on making more money.
Business pay more attention to preserving the environment than to making money.
Which of the given options are the components of ships diesel engine exhaust gas emissions that are the main contributors to acidification and acid rain formation?
SOx and NOx.
SOx and PM.
CFC’s.
CO2 and PM.
Which of the given options is the main reason that some chemicals reach concentrations that are 100 000 times higher in animals, such as predatory fish, compared to concentrations locally in the sea water?
Because chemicals bio accumulate in the food chain.
Because chemicals dissolve in the food chain.
Because predatory fish ingest chemicals from the sea water.
Because predatory fish cannot break down the chemicals in their tissues.
Which of the given options is NOT normally considered to be part of oil?
Hydrocarbons.
Heavy metals.
Chlorophyll.
Chemicals.
What percentage of the global man made CO2 emissions was international shipping estimated to be responsible for in 2007?
2,7 %.
1,0 %.
5,0 %.
12,0 %.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Animals sometimes eat solid waste (and even feed it to their young), because:
Solid waste may look like their normal food.
Animals are not smart enough.
Solid waste always contains lots of nutrients.
Solid waste is colourful and is therefore always attractive to animals.
Which of the given options correctly orders the first three processes which happen when oil enters the sea?
Spreading on the surface, evaporation into the air and dissolving in the water column.
Spreading on the surface, evaporation into the air and oxidation in the air.
Spreading on the surface, evaporation into the air and sedimentation on the sea floor.
Spreading on the surface, oxidation in the air and dissolving in the water column.
In relation to the marine environment, what is the meaning of the word tainting?
The cleaning up of a chemical spill.
The process by which shellfish start tasting like chemicals (or oil).
It is another word for painting the hull of a ship.
It is another word for the occurrence of a chemical spill.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to invasive marine species?
Invasive toxic algae kill shellfish like mussels.
Invasive species have caused the collapse of fisheries.
Whole ecosystems are changed by the invasion of species.
Invasive species cause risks to human health.
Which one of the given options best describes the process of photosynthesis?
Plants use sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen.
Animals and plants use sunlight to produce sugars.
Plants use sunlight and oxygen to produce sugars.
Animals use sunlight and oxygen to produce sugars.
What is considered to be the main effect and greatest environment risk of acidification?
Human drinking water becomes acid and undrinkable.
It kills phytoplankton.
It damages trees, kills life in lakes and damages old building.
It affects human health, such as giving heart problems.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Climate change is defined as:
Any change of climate over time which may be due to natural causes or as a result of human activity.
Any change in temperatures worldwide.
Any significant warming of the earth.
A change of climate over time caused only by human activity.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Emissions of SOx and small particles (PM) from ships into the atmosphere are relatively high, because:
Heavy fuel oil contains high concentrations of sulphur.
SOx evaporates from cargo spaces.
Ships engines are not very efficient.
Leaking refrigerant gases contain high amounts of sulphur.
Two “pools of garbage” were discovered by Captain Charles Moore. Where are they located?
Atlantic Ocean.
Pacific Ocean.
Indian Ocean.
Arctic Ocean.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Plankton in the open ocean are usually small, because:
Open oceans are nutrient-poor.
The small size allows them to hide from predators more easily.
The small size allows them to capture sunlight energy more efficiently.
Open oceans are deep.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to emissions from ships?
Small particles from shipping emissions are responsible for 60 000 deaths per year, worldwide.
Road traffic often emits more SOx and PM than shipping.
MARPOL Annex VI deals with emissions into the atmosphere.
Proper maintenance of an engine will minimize the emission of air pollutants.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Salt marshes often occur together with:
Rocky shores.
Tidal flats.
Kelp forests.
Mangroves.
Which of the following statements is true in relation to waste dumped into the sea?
Albatrosses never eat plastics.
Most animals excrete the solid waste that enters the stomach.
Microplastics are not ingested by animals because they are so small.
Solid waste can often not be digested by marine animals and it remains in the intestines resulting in the animals starving to death.
Which one of the given options is the most accurate in relation to how much oil enters the sea through operational spills compared to accidental spills?
Operational spills contribute ten times less oil than accidental spills.
Operational spills contribute three times less oil than accidental spills.
Operational spills contribute the same amount of oil as accidental spills.
Operational spills contribute three times more oil than accidental spills.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Antifouling paint containing tributyltin has been prohibited by IMO, because:
It caused toxic effects in marine organisms.
It killed invasive species.
It was not very effective as antifouling paint.
It kept the hull too smooth.
Which of the combinations given in the options are the main components of diesel engine exhaust gas emissions that may cause health problems for humans?
SOx and PM.
CO2 and PM.
CO2 and SOx.
PM and CFC’s.
Which one of the given options is the assumed amount of the energy that is lost at each level in a typical marine food chain?
10 %.
30 %.
50 %.
90 %.
Which one of the given options is accepted as the depth of water at which the coastal sea ends and the open ocean begins?
At 50 m deep.
At 200 m deep.
At 1 000 m deep.
At 3 700 m deep.
Approximately how many marine viruses can be found in 1 ml of sea water?
10 000.
100 000.
1 million.
15 millions.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. When a chemical evaporates:
It is dangerous to fish but it is not dangerous for the ship’s crew.
It is not normally dangerous to fish but it may be dangerous for the ship’s crew.
It is equally dangerous, both to fish and to the ship’s crew.
It is neither dangerous to fish nor to the ship’s crew.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Oceans are important for humans, because:
They provide fish and regulate our climate.
They provide fish and enhance the greenhouse effect.
They provide fish and 80 % of the oil we use.
They regulate the climate and enhance the greenhouse effect.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Sustainable shipping is:
A form of shipping that makes a profit and has an adverse effect on the environment.
A form of shipping that makes a profit, has minimal effects on the environment and is accepted by society.
A form of shipping that makes a profit, has minimal effects on the environment and is criticized by society.
A form of shipping that has existed for a long period of time.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Rocky shore inhabitants are generally tough, because:
They are used to rough circumstances, like the waves.
The rocky shores are crowded with a lot of other animals.
The rocky shores are slippery.
The rocky shores are often polluted areas.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Sound produced by ships can be a problem to marine life, because:
Marine mammal’s are attracted by sounds produced by ships.
The sounds produced by ships are so loud that most animals in the sea become deaf.
Underwater sounds produced by ships interfere with the marine mammals ability to communicate.
Background noise from shipping sounds very similar to the songs from whales and dolphins.
Which organisms in the sea can perform photosynthesis?
Phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Sea weeds and zooplankton.
Algae and zooplankton.
Phytoplankton and sea weeds.
Select from the given options the statement which is most correct in relation to the marine environment:
Food chains are connected in more complex food webs.
Food chains are connected by bacteria.
Multiple food chains together form a food pyramid.
Food chains have no relation with each other.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Mangroves are important as they provide:
Nursery grounds for fish and natural flood barriers.
Nursery grounds for fish and shelter grounds for dolphins.
A wood supply for humans and shelter grounds for dolphins.
A home for turtles and natural flood barriers.
A food chain has four levels and 1 000 000 kg of phytoplankton. The food chain consists of phytoplankton – large zooplankton – small fish – predator fish. How much of the top predator will be produced according to the 10 % rule?
100 kg.
1 000 kg.
10 kg.
1 kg.
Food chain has three levels and 1 000 000 kg of phytoplankton. The food chain consists of phytoplankton – large zooplankton – predator fish. How much of the top predator will be produced according to the 10 % rule?
10 000 kg.
1 000 kg.
100 kg.
10 kg.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to the “pools of garbage” discovered by Captain Charles Moore?
In the pools of garbage, the amount of plastics can be six times greater than that of plankton.
The pools of garbage contain both large and small pieces of plastic.
Most animals that are entangled in plastics are found in the pools of garbage.
Rotating ocean currents drive the plastic waste together.
Chemicals may be grouped by the way that they behave when they enter the sea. Which one of the given options best describes the four different groupings for behaviour of chemicals entering the sea as defined in this module?
They may oxidize, float, dissolve or evaporate.
They may sink, spread, dissolve or evaporate.
They may spread, float, dissolve or evaporate.
They may sink, float, dissolve or evaporate.
Which one of the statements given in the options is NOT true in relation to plastics dumped into the sea?
When animals eat plastics they always pass them out with body waste.
Plastic cannot be digested and may clog the intestines.
Animals may eat plastic because it looks like their normal food.
When animals eat plastics they have a false sense of fullness so they stop eating and may die.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Sustainable development has three aspects, often represented by the three P’s, which are:
People, Planet and Profit.
Participation, Pride and Profit.
Promotion, Profit and Pride.
People, Planet and Pride.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Effects of invasive species being introduced into a marine environment can include:
The collapse of fisheries, an increase in the number of different species in an area and an increased risk of eating toxic shellfish.
The collapse of fisheries, drastic changes in marine food webs and an increased risk of eating toxic shellfish.
The collapse of fisheries, drastic changes in marine food webs and an increased in the number of different species in an area.
The collapse of fisheries, drastic changes in marine food web, and a decreased risk of eating toxic shellfish.
Approximately how many people on earth live close to the sea as a percentage of the world population?
20 %.
40 %.
60 %.
80 %.
Why does international shipping have to cut carbon dioxide emissions?
Because international shipping is responsible for 50 % of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.
Because, if action is not taken, shipping’s contribution to global carbon dioxide emissions is expected to grow fast in the coming decades.
Because the engines used in ships produce huge amounts of carbon dioxide.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. Once microplastics are ingested by small animals at low levels in the food chain:
The chemicals contained in the plastic enters their body tissues and are passed on to organisms higher in the food chain.
Other animals do not eat them anymore because they taste like plastic.
They become instantly toxic.
The small animals excrete the plastics rapidly.
Why are deep sea organisms very often slow growing?
Because it is dark in deep waters.
Because pressures are enormous at greater depths.
Because of low temperatures and lack of food.
Because dense population in deep waters means there is too much competition.
Which IMO convention contains the main environmental regulations for shipping?
MARPOL.
SOLAS.
STCW.
COLREG.
Which one of the marine environments given in the options is most vulnerable to oil pollution?
Mangrove forest.
Open ocean.
Rocky shore.
Deep sea.
Why are coral reefs considered to be vulnerable?
Because they are slow growing animals and can be easily damaged.
Because they are often situated in shallow waters in coastal areas.
Because they are slow growing plants and can be easily damaged.
Because they are often situated in polluted regions.
Which of the statements given in the options is NOT true, in relation to oil pollution of the sea?
Economic effects of oil pollution are always connected to the size of the spill.
Accidents with oil tankers damage the image of shipping.
Oil pollution of beaches lead to economic losses in the tourist industry.
Shellfish ingest oil and this may give them an oily taste.
Select the option that most accurately completes the following statement. MARPOL first entered into force in:
1978.
1973.
1983.
1980.
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