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What is understood by the term “Dew point” of the air?
The temperature at which condensation in the air forms into water droplets.
The temperature of the water vapour in a cloud.
The “Dew point” is the point at the centre of an Anticyclone.
All of the suggested answers.
You are approaching a port in a snowstorm. You hear this signal. What kind of vessel is it and what is it doing?
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties and it is making way through the water.
It comes from a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor, over 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel at anchor, less than 100 metres in length.
It comes from a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
What is correct UTC in this example? Approx. Pos: N49° 51′ W35° 23′, zone +2, Local Time 0900.
The IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases are recommended to be used when the ship’s Officer is verbally talking to whom?
In circumstances described in all of the answers provided.
When talking on the VHF between ships.
When giving orders on board with other seafarers.
When talking between ship and shore personnel.
When should gangway nets be rigged?
Whenever the gangway is rigged.
Between sunset and sunrise.
Whenever the gangway is regarded as unsafe.
When it is deemed necessary by the Master of the Chief Officer.
What is the weather associated with being in the centre of an Anticyclone (a region of High Pressure)?
Light winds and fair weather, sometimes fog.
Strong winds but with very little rain.
Persistent rain and very humid weather.
Strong winds and heavy rain.
What sound signal shall be used on ship’s whistle when there is a man overboard?
3 long blasts repeatedly.
6 long blasts repeatedly.
5 long blasts repeatedly.
4 long blasts repeatedly.
A ship is navigating in the Caribbean in August when it receives the warning of a Hurricane. To determine the centre of the storm the Master uses “Buys Ballot’s Law” and faces the wind. On what side of the Master would the low pressure area be located?
This is not a suitable method to use with a Hurricane.
Which is the “CENTRE LINE”, in the figure?
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by A, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by D, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by C, in the figure.
The Fore and aft Centreline is indicated by B, in the figure.
What is “AIR DRAUGHT”, in the figure?
Air draught is indicated by C, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by A, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by D, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by B, in the figure.
When navigating along a coastline what should be considered the most accurate method of navigating?
Passing close to navigational buoys.
Bearings of navigational shore marks such as lighthouses.
Use of radar ranges and bearings.
You are in open water and clear conditions. You are approaching the pilot station when you hear this signal from a vessel ahead of you. What does it signify?
That the vessel is operating astern propulsion.
That the vessel is starting his engine and resuming his passage.
That the vessel is altering his course to starboard.
That the vessel is picking up his pilot.
Which of the following answers most suitably cover the standard duties of the bridge Officer of the Watch when the ship is at anchorage?
Display anchor signal, check the ships position and keep a good lookout.
Display the anchor signal, patrol the ship frequency and check the anchor chain for dragging.
Display anchor signal and keep a good lookout of other ships in the area.
Display the anchor signal and ensure the ship swings the same way at each change of tide.
You are proceeding along a coastal route when you hear this signal. The visibility is severely restricted. What does the signal mean?
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels, directing them to “keep clear”.
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels to “navigate with extreme caution”.
There is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
According to rule 13 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, what is the definition of “an overtaking vessel”?
When coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22,5° abaft her beam.
When the vessel is detected as a radar target or sighted visually in a position directly astern.
When coming up with another vessel from any direction abaft her beam.
When coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 45° abaft her beam.
What is the depth of an iceberg below the surface of the sea?
The draught of an iceberg varies with the type of berg and its age.
The draught of an iceberg is normally about 3/4 of its total depth.
The draught of an iceberg is about the same as the visible part of the iceberg above the water.
The depth of an iceberg below the surface is always about one sixth of its total depth.
What is the two letter signal, to be used by flags, radiotelephony or radiotelegraphy, meaning “Calling All Ships”?
You are on a power-driven vessel underway in open water. You sight these lights on the port bow, on a steady bearing. The distance is closing. What are you looking at and what action will you take in compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, less than 50 metres in length, length of tow under 200 metres and the tow, both being restricted in their ability to manoeuvre, seen from the starboard side. Under rule 18, I am required to keep clear and will take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. The sidelight of a second vessel can be seen beyond her. Under rule 18, I am obliged to keep clear of the first vessel and will therefore take appropriate avoiding action.
This is a power-driven vessel engaged in towing, more than 50 metres in length or less than 50 metres in length and showing a second masthead light, length of tow 200 metres or more, not under command. I will keep clear under rule 27.
Two ships travelling in opposite directions are to pass each other in a narrow river, as illustrated. Explain what is likely to happen as they pass each other?
Due to interaction, the bows will repel each other, and then when alongside each other the two ships will be sucked together and finally the sterns will be repelled as they start to pass clear.
Due to interaction, the bows will attract each other as they approach, then they will repel each other alongside and as they pass clear, the sterns will be attracted.
As they approach, rudder should be applied quickly to avoid sheering into the path of each other. Then as they are alongside they will be attracted and finally repel each other as they pass clear.
There will be very little effect between the two ships as they pass.
A man is reported to have fallen overboard and the Officer of the Watch releases the lifebuoy and starts a man overboard manoeuvre, who are the first persons onboard he should inform?
Chief Officer and lifeboat party.
The crew quarters for extra lookouts.
What methods could be introduced into a passage plan for continuous monitoring of the ships position when navigating along a coastline?
The radar ranges of the coastline at all course alteration points.
Conspicuous headlands and navigational marks for taking positions.
All of the suggested answers.
A ship is equipped with a right-handed fixed pitch propeller, which when going from Full Ahead to Full Astern will make the ship sheer to starboard. Can anything be done to reduce this change in heading?
The rudder can be put to Hard to Port to reduce the water from to the right side of the propeller.
The rudder can be put from side to side in a “Rudder Cycling” movement.
The rudder should be kept amidships when going astern and there is little that can be done to reduce the swing to starboard.
The rudder should be put Hard to Port to reduce the water flow to the left side of the propeller.
Which of the following hull shapes would normally provide a directionally stable ship?
A long ship with a narrow beam.
A short ship with a wide beam.
A short ship with a narrow beam.
A long ship with a wide beam.
What is happening here?
These are two vessels engaged in fishing (pair trawling), showing the additional volutary signals for hauling nets.
These are two vessels engaged in fishing (pair trawling), showing the additional voluntary signals for shooting nets.
This is a vessel engaged in towing a disabled tow, restricted in its ability to manoeuvre, with a searchlight used to highlight the location of the tow.
These are two vessels engaged in fishing, using purse-seine gear. The searchlights are simply working lights.
Which approved publication should be used by a seafarer to help overcome any misunderstanding in communications?
The (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) booklet.
The Oxford Concise Dictionary.
The (ISC) Bridge Procedures Guide.
Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary.
Which of the answers best summarises the information which should be provided for the bridge Officer of the Watch within an effective Voyage plan?
All of the suggested answers.
Contingency arrangements in case of problems.
Expected prevailing wind and weather.
Courses to steer; distance off dangers; parallel index lines; expected currents; prevailing winds; distance between alteration points.
What are the immediate duties of the bridge Officer of the Watch when the ship suddenly runs into a fog bank?
Commence sounding the fog signal, engines on standby, call the Master and lookout, if not already on duty.
Commence sounding the fog signal and reduce speed to Slow Ahead.
Commence sounding the fog signal and call the Master and wait for him to arrive before taking any further actions.
Commence sounding the fog signal and if the radar indicates no echoes in the vicinity, proceed at the normal speed until ships are detected on the radar or until the fog lifts.
You are in an area of restricted visibility. You hear this sound signal. What does it mean?
That there is a vessel in distress nearby.
That there is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity.
That there is a vessel aground in the vicinity.
That there is a vessel engaged in underwater operations in the vicinity. She has divers down.
Which of the following precautions should be taken when work is to be carried out on the radar scanner unit on the mast?
A “Not to be used” sign on all radars and fuses for the complete radar systems to be removed.
Only the electrical fuses forthe radar undergoing repairs needs to be removed, allowing the ship to retain a workable radar.
Only the electrical fuses for the scanner motor needs to be removed.
A sign needs to be attached to all the radars warning the bridge officers of repairs and the fact the radars are “Not to be used”.
Why should Ground Stabilised True Motion display mode be avoided when using the ARPA for anti-collision purposes?
The collision regulations are based on ship courses through the water.
True motion does not provide the collision risk of other ships.
The true vector can never give an indication of collision risk with another ship.
The Relative Motion display and relative vectors is the only display to use for anti-collision purposes.
What could be the reason for the magnetic compass to swing through large angles when the ship is rolling in a seaway?
The heeling error magnets are upside down and/or not in the correct position.
The error due to deviation is large for that ships heading.
The Coefficient B determined by the Compass Corrector at the last dry-dock was not correctly calculated.
The induced magnetism from the earth’s magnetic field is very strong in that area.
When splicing an eye on a mooring wire (using the recommended 5 full tucks and 2 half tucks) the effective breaking strength of the wire may be affected by the splice. What would be the anticipated change in the breaking strength of the wire?
A reduction in strength of 10 % to 15 %.
A reduction in strength of 30 % to 40 %.
A reduction in strength of 1 % to 5 %.
No reduction in strength.
The ship is navigating in dense fog where the visibility is less than one mile. The Arpa radar is set on a range 12 miles on a course of 314° and own ship has a vector as shown. What is the vector mode selected on the Arpa?
Relative vectors, sea stabilised.
Relative vectors, ground stabilised.
You are proceeding along a coastal route when you hear this signal. The visibility is severely restricted. What does the signal mean?
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
There is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels that they are “running into danger”.
There is a vessel aground in the vicinity. She is less than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning to approaching vessels to “navigate with extreme caution”.
There is a vessel at anchor in the vicinity. She is more than 100 metres in length. She is sounding an additional warning signal to approaching vessels, directing them to “keep clear”.
What would be the stopping distance of a VLCC when proceeding at 8 knots in deep water and the engines are put “Full Astern”?
Varies, but can be determined from trial data.
What is important to check when transferring a position from the GPS output to a paper chart?
Any necessary corrections are applied to convert between the GPS datum and the chart datum.
Ensure that the chart has been corrected up to date.
Ensure that the GPS is setup on the same datum as the chart.
It is important to ensure that the GPS is setup on 2 dimensional and not 3 dimensional position fixes.
Visual signals are used by aircraft in search and rescue operations to direct ships towards a casualty. The signals shown here are part of a sequence. What does it indicate?
The assistance of your vessel is no longer required.
The aircraft is directing a vessel towards the casualty.
The aircraft is short on fuel and is returning to base.
The casualty is sighted and will require medical assistance.
Which approved publication should be used by a seafarer to help overcome any misunderstanding in communications?
The (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) booklet.
The Oxford Concise Dictionary.
The (ISC) Bridge Procedures Guide.
Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary.
What can be used to reduce the effect of the state of sea-water?
Why should Ground Stabilised True Motion display mode be avoided when using the ARPA for anti-collision purposes?
The collision regulations are based on ship courses through the water.
True motion does not provide the collision risk of other ships.
The true vector can never give an indication of collision risk with another ship.
The Relative Motion display and relative vectors is the only display to use for anti-collision purposes.
What, by definition in the International Collision Regulations, is a “vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre”?
A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by the Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
A vessel engaged in underwater work, such as the laying, picking up or servicing of a pipeline, or which is in support of diving operations, performing dredging and mine-clearance or is deploying or recovering a pilot.
A vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of navigable water is restricted in her ability to deviate from her course and keep out of the way of another vessel.
A vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by the Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
Which of the four calculations illustrated is the correct one to determine the latitude of the observer when the sun is on the meridian?
Calculation 3 is correct.
Calculation 4 is correct.
Calculation 2 is correct.
Calculation 1 is correct.
A balanced rudder has some of the rudder area forward of the rudder axis. About how much area should this be to call it a balanced rudder?
If a ship requires 2 nautical miles to stop in the water from a “crash stop” when proceeding at full ahead in deep water. What will the stopping distance be in shallow water?
About 1,5 nautical miles.
Similar distance to deep water.
Which part of the magnetic compass error changes with a change in the course steered?
All of the suggested answers.
How will the ship behave if it experiences a complete loss of power (blackout) in the situation illustrated?
The vessel will gradually swing to port and the speed will slowly reduce.
The vessel will continue on course and the speed will slowly reduce.
The vessel will gradually swing to starboard and the speed will slowly reduce.
The wind will push the vessel sideways, but the heading will not change.
The bridge Officer of the Watch (OOW) is plotting the ship’s position in the chartroom, when the ship is in collision with a fishing vessel. Why would the OOW be held responsible for the collision?
Under the Rules a proper lookout should be maintained at all times and by all available means.
If risk of Collision existed, the fishing boat should have contacted the larger ship over the VHF before the collision took place.
Under the Rules the fishing vessel should have kept clear of larger vessels and the OOW would not be responsible.
If the OOW is busy with the safe navigation of the ship he should have exhibited the “Not under Command” signals and made other ships keep clear.
You are in open water and clear conditions. You are approaching the pilot station when you hear this signal from a vessel ahead of you. What does it signify?
That the vessel is operating astern propulsion.
That the vessel is starting his engine and resuming his passage.
That the vessel is altering his course to starboard.
That the vessel is picking up his pilot.
The following vessels are all required to make the same sound signal when in or near an area of restricted visibility: a vessel not under command; a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; a vessel constrained by her draught/a sailing vessel; a vessel engaged in fishing; a vessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel. What is that signal?
One prolonged blast, followed by two short blasts, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
One prolonged blast, followed by two short blasts, at intervals of not more than 1 minute.
One prolonged blast at intervals at not more than 2 minutes.
Two prolonged blasts, followed by one short blast, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
What actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship’s steering gear fails?
All of the suggested answers.
Request the engine room to check the steering gear.
Call the Master and advise him of the situation.
Display the NUC signal and consider stopping the engines.
The gyro compass can suffer from a compass error and may need to be allowed for, when steering a course in a dangerous navigational area. What is the probable cause of the error?
An uncorrected course and speed error.
Fluctuations in the electrical supply to the compass.
When fastening synthetic fibre ropes such as polypropylene on bitts, for safety and better rope control it is recommended to:
Make two round turns fast on the leading bitt and then figure of eight on both bitts, fig. 4.
Make it fast with round turns on the leading bitt alone, fig. 1.
Make it fast on the second bitt alone, fig. 2.
Make it fast in a figure of eight fashion, fig. 3.
A ship normally turns (swings) around a point which is not the centre of gravity. What is this point normally called?
The maximum rudder angle on your ship is 35°. Do you think this is the angle that the rudder is most effective?
No, the most effective rudder angle is about 25 to 30°, this is because the rudder is stalling at 35° angle.
Yes, the rudder is most effective at max angle.
No, the rudder is most effective at angles between 10 and 20°.
No, the rudder is most effective at small rudder angles.
Which of the following figures drawn on the plane of the Meridian is correct for an observer in position Latitude 30° 00′ North; Longitude 15° 00′ West, when observing the sun on the meridian, if the sun’s Declination is 15° 00′ South?
What does this signal hoist mean?
I require immediate assistance.
Do you require assistance?
I require medical assistance.
The tug has been released and is all clear. As officer in charge of that operation, should this be reported and to whom?
Reported all clear to the Bridge.
Report all clear to the tug.
No need for reporting as the order was given from the bridge.
Report all clear to the Engine Room.
In the figure, which letter gives the correct understanding of the term “LENGTH OVERALL”?
Length Overall is indicated by B, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by D, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by A, in the figure.
Length Overall is indicated by C, in the figure.
What is the weather associated with being in the centre of an Anticyclone (a region of High Pressure)?
Light winds and fair weather, sometimes fog.
Persistent rain and very humid weather.
Strong winds but with very little rain.
Strong winds and heavy rain.
Who is ultimately responsible for the voyage plan?
The Officer of the Watch (OOW) on duty.
The Second Officer as the official Navigation officer.
The ship owner will provide overall parameters within which the ship must follow.
What would be considered the most favourable heading of a ship when launching a lifeboat?
The ship should steer about 30° off the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launch on the leeside.
The ship should steer about 100° of the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launched on the leeside.
The ship should lie stopped in the water with the weather on the opposite side to the boat to be launched.
The ship should steer with the prevailing weather and sea on the beam and the boat to be launch on the leeside.
If a distress signal is received on board your ship, what should be the first action that should be taken?
Attempt to establish contact with the distressed vessel.
Contact SAR Authorities via nearest coastal Radio station.
Determine how close your vessel is to the distressed vessel.
Determine if anyone else has heard the distress signal and if your vessel is near the distress.
What is the correct understanding of the term “a ship with good Directional Stability”?
A ship which when the rudder is left amidships, it will continue on approximately a straight course.
A ship which when a rudder angle is applied and the ship starts to swing, will continue to swing even after the rudder is returned to amidships.
A ship where the amount of positive transverse stability (GM) will vary with the direction of the ship’s head.
A ship which will maintain its course unless large rudder angles are applied.
What is the advantages of a GPS satellite system compared to other navigational aids?
The GPS system gives information about position, speed and time continuously world wide.
The GPS system is based on hyperbola navigation.
The GPS system has a built-in group of six radio-beacons called a Decca chain.
The GPS system gives information about weather and wave conditions in the area.
The maximum height that a pilot should be required to climb on a pilot ladder before reaching the deck or stepping onto an accommodation ladder platform is:
What is the description for a sidelight, as shown in rule 21 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea?
A green light on the starboard side and red light on the port side, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 112,5°, from right ahead to 22,5° abaft the beam on the respective side.
A red light or a green light, with a minimum range, in a vessel of 50 metres or more, of 3 miles. In a vessel of 10 metres.
A red, green or yellow lantern, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 112,5°.
A green light on the starboard side and red light on the port side, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 135°, from right ahead to 22,5° abaft the beam on the respective side.
If the radar is set onto the Relative Motion Display, what would an echo of a target with no trail indicate? Note this the trail of the echo and not a vector.
The target is on the same course and speed as own ship.
The target is on a constant bearing and getting closer to own ship.
The target is stopped and making no way through the water.
The target is on a collision course with own ship.
How can an ARPA assist the ship to steer a suitable course to make good the entrance to a channel?
Select ground stabilised true motion display and alter course so that own ships true vector passes through the middle of the entrance to the channel.
Select Relative motion display and make Own Ship vector pass through the middle of the entrance to the channel.
Select True ground stabilised vectors and make the vectors from both buoys at the entrance to the channel pass either side of the centre of the screen.
Acquire the buoy at the entrance to the channel and on relative vector display alter course to make the vector of the buoy pass directly through the centre of the screen.
Is the location of the Compass Binnacle critical?
Yes, for the reasons stated in all of the suggested answers.
Yes, it should be on the fore and aft centreline of the ship.
Yes, it should be away from all electrical power cables.
Yes, it should be sited on a non-metallic base if possible.
The ship is sailing in shallow water with reduced Under Keel Clearance. If the ship is steaming with the engines at full RPM, what would be the speed in comparison to the speed achieved in deep water?
It would be very difficult to maintain full deep sea RPM on the engines and therefore difficult to assess the speed.
What type of vessel is this and from what direction are you seeing it?
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round white light. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in fishing other than trawling, making way through the water, with outlying gear extending more than 150 m in the direction of the all-round red light. I am seeing her from astern.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage operations, deploying or recovering a pilot. I am looking at her port side.
This is a vessel engaged in pilotage duties at anchor. I am looking at her port side.
Two ships travelling in opposite directions are to pass each other in a narrow river, as illustrated. Explain what is likely to happen as they pass each other?
Due to interaction, the bows will repel each other, and then when alongside each other the two ships will be sucked together and finally the sterns will be repelled as they start to pass clear.
Due to interaction, the bows will attract each other as they approach, then they will repel each other alongside and as they pass clear, the sterns will be attracted.
As they approach, rudder should be applied quickly to avoid sheering into the path of each other. Then as they are alongside they will be attracted and finally repel each other as they pass clear.
There will be very little effect between the two ships as they pass.
What is the situation of this vessel?
This vessel is not under command, but is making way through the water.
This vessel is not under command and stopped in the water.
This is a vessel constrained by her draft.
You are proceeding along a narrow channel in front of another vessel, both heading for port. You hear this signal from the vessel behind you. What does it mean?
I intend to overtake you on your port side.
I am operating astern propulsion.
I am faster than you. Get out of the way.
I intend to overtake you on your starboard side.
The Master arrives on the bridge obviously under the influence of alcohol and states he is taking over the “con” of the ship. What actions should the Officer of the Watch (OOW) take in this situation?
Attempt to diplomatically avoid taking any actions that would put the ship or crew into danger and call the Chief Officer for assistance.
Watch the actions made by the Master and if not dangerous, wait until the Master becomes more capable to take control or leaves the bridge.
Tell the Master you consider him incapable of taking over the responsibility of the watch and that he should retire to his cabin and sleep it off.
Tell the Master you do not think this is a good idea and retain control of the watch.
The Master has decided to “single up” to a spring line at each end as the last lines to let go whilst unmooring. Which of the following methods should be used to hold the lines, whilst waiting for the order to “let go”?
The line should be turned up on the bitts, fig. 1.
The eye of the lines should be put on the bitts, fig. 2.
The line should be held on a stopper ready for immediate release, fig. 4.
The line should be kept on the warping drum of a deck winch, fig. 3.
What special equipment can often provide assistance in locating a survival craft or man overboard and in the water?
A sectored search pattern.
What would be considered the most favourable heading of a ship when launching a lifeboat?
The ship should steer about 30° off the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launch on the leeside.
The ship should steer about 100° of the prevailing weather and sea with the boat to be launched on the leeside.
The ship should lie stopped in the water with the weather on the opposite side to the boat to be launched.
The ship should steer with the prevailing weather and sea on the beam and the boat to be launch on the leeside.
Two ships are meeting in a restricted channel as illustrated. Which of the following actions would be the most suitable to take on both vessels as they approach and pass each other?
Slow down if possible without losing steerage and be prepared for prompt application of rudder to counteract any swing as they approach and pass each other.
Keep as far as possible on the starboard side of the channel and maintain speed to retain effective steerage.
Increase speed slightly to pass each other as quickly as possible and thereby reduce the effects of “ship to ship” interaction.
Maintain speed and a straight course on the starboard side of the channel.
What is “AIR DRAUGHT”, in the figure?
Air draught is indicated by C, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by A, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by D, in the figure.
Air draught is indicated by B, in the figure.