Der Test besteht aus zufälligen Fragen zu einem ausgewählten Thema.
Which part of the float-free arrangement for inflatable liferafts is made to provide a connection between the ship and the liferaft?
the hydrostatic release unit
Which one of the listed requirements regarding lifeboat propulsion do not correspond to present regulations?
The engine shall be provided with an electric power starting system with rechargeable energy batteries
Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition engine using fuel with a flamepoint of not less than 44°C
Means shall be provided for recharging all engine-starting, radio and searchlight batteries
Water resistant instruction for starting and operating the engine shall be provided
Which one of the listed requirements regarding the launching and recovery arrangements for survival crafts corresponds to present SOLAS regulations?
Launching and recovery arrangements shall be such that the operator at all times can observe the survival craft and lifeboats.
Means shall be available to prevent any discharge of water on to survival crafts during abandonment.
Each lifeboat shall be provided with separate appliances which is capable of launching and recovering the lifeboat.
Different type of launching and recovery arrangements shall be used for similar survival crafts on board the ship.
Give the meaning of the following symbol
Survival craft distress pyrotechnic signals
The free volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) of a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system shall be calculated at
*What quantity of service fuel must be available for a diesel driven emergency pump before it is necessary to use any reserve fuel?
To allow at least 12 hours of operation
To allow at least 3 hours of operation
To allow at least 24 hours of operation
To allow at least 6 hour of operation
What is the requirements to ventilation ducts of more than 2 metres in length (ships other than passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers)? (SOLAS II-2/16.1)
They shall have lining of non-combustible insulating material
They shall be isolated from any combustible material
They must be fabricated of non-combustible material
They must be fabricated of fire-resistant material
*The engine room is equipped with regular fire hoses and nozzles. What is important to observe when using water as an extinguishing agent in the engine room?
Water may short circuit electrical installation and may be a threat to the personnel operating the fire hose as well as to electrical equipment itself
All the mentioned alternatives
Water has a clear limitation in fighting an oil fire
To reduce the negative effect of water in an engine room, the spraying function to be used. The spray function will also give the personnel operating the fire hose good shelter against heat
For cargo calculations there are two corrections to be made. Two tables are used for this purpose.
Cargo calibration tables.
Shear and bending tables.
Pressure and vacuum tables.
List and trim correction tables.
The ship has a single fixed pitch right-handed propeller and is going astern as illustrated. What is the most likely way the ship will react in these circumstances?
The bow will "seek" the wind and the ship will swing to port
The stern will "back" into the wind and the ship's heading will swing to starboard.
The stern will fall off to starboard, making the heading swing to port.
The ship will go straight astern and the heading will remain approximately the same
When a conventional rudder is put hard over it creates a lift force and a drag force. When the ship has started to turn, how much lift force do you think remains if the rudder-angle is decreased to 20 degrees from hard over position (35 degrees)?
Do you think there is any reduction in the rudder lift force if the propeller is stopped?
No, we will maintain about 90% of the lift force.
Yes, we will loose about 10% of the lift force.
No, the lift force is not effected by the propeller.
Yes, the lift force will be dramatically reduced.
What is the crucial aspect in executing a voyage in a safe and efficient way?
The bridge equipment includes ARPA radar, GPS and ECDIS in full and effective operation
An effective detailed passage plan fully understood and followed by a competent bridge team.
All navigational equipment fully functional.
Bridge equipment effectively operating and being used efficiently
Give the meaning of this symbol:
lifebuoy with light and smoke
lifebuoy with light and water dye marker
lifebuoy with light and hand flare
lifebuoy with line and hand flare
*How many lifebuoys can you expect to find on board a cargo ship of 190 metres in length (including those of the quick-release system) ?
at least 8 distributed on both sides of the ship
at least 12 distributed on both sides of the ship
at least 14 distributed on both sides of the ship
at least 10 distributed on both sides of the ship
Which item among those below is included in the normal equipment of every lifeboat ?
sea-charts and navigating equipment
one life-jacket for each person
Which item among those below is included in the normal equipment of every lifeboat ?
sea-charts and navigating equipment
one daylight signalling mirror
one immersion suit for each person
Which one of the listed requirements regarding fire protected lifeboats do not correspond to present regulations? Water spray systems shall:
have separate draining pumps of sufficient capacity
be arranged for flushing with fresh water and allowing complete draining
protect the occupants through a continuos oil fire for a period of not less than 8 minutes
have means for "turn on/turn off" the flow of water over the exterior of the lifeboat
The Muster List shall show the duties assigned to members of the crew. Which of the following duties shall be included according to present regulations?
Ensuring that a sufficient supply of water is brought to the survival crafts.
Ensuring that the passengers' thermal protective aids is brought to the survival craft.
Seeing that the passengers are suitable clad.
Ensuring that a supply of food is brought to the survival crafts.
*Each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate for is provided with a quantity of water of:
Give the meaning of the following symbol
Survival craft portable radio
Survival craft distress pyrotechnic signals
What is the meaning of this symbol ?
How much can the concentration of oxygen in the air decrease before it is dangerous to stay in the atmosphere without breathing apparatus?
When carrying LNG cargoes it is useful to have information about its thermodynamic properties. What is a common source of information that can be used to obtain values for a wide range of these properties?
Material safety data sheet.
Before starting a transfer of oil, the person in charge on the vessel and the person in charge on the facility must hold a pre transfer conference. Who must decide to start the transfer?
The person in charge on the facility
The person in charge who is handling the pumping
The person in charge on the vessel
You are to carry a cargo of Phenol across the North Atlantic in winter time. What precaution will you take with the double bottom tank located under the cargo tank containing the Phenol?
It is not necessary to take any additional precautions with the double bottom tank because it is part of an entirely separate pumping system.
It should be continuously vented to avoid the build up of condensation on the structure around the product.
It should be empty, to avoid cold water contacted the structure around the product because Phenol has a relatively high melting point.
It should be inerted, because Phenol has a very low Flash Point.
Car decks on board ro-ro passenger ships are nomally closed during sea passage. Why are passengers not allowed to be on the car-deck during sailing?
Vehicles and other cargo can shift when the ship is rolling. Persons may be trapped between vehicles or cargo.
f the car decks are empty, it will be easier for the crew to locate all passengers in case of an emergency
To prevent burglary and damage to cars
In case of an emergency situation it can be difficult for passengers to escape. Vehicles, lorries, trailers and other cargo are maybe lashed and it is a substantial chance for passengers to get injured. Vehicles and other cargo might also shift when the ship is rolling.
How are the membrane cargo containment systems that are frequently used on LNG carriers supported?
The membrane system is fully self supporting.
The membrane system is supported directly by the inner hull through support brackets.
The membrane system is supported by the inner hull through the insulation.
The membrane system is formed with corrugations which gives sufficient support.
A bulk carrier is to carry a full deck cargo of packaged timber; to what regulations must the vessel comply?
International Code for the carriage of Dangerous Goods
IMO Code of Practice for the carriage of Timber Deck cargoes
Marine Pollution Regulations
When measuring the liquid level in the cargo tank of a liquefied gas carrier a number of different corrections may be necessary to get a true reading. Why do readings obtained from a float type ullage tape sometimes require a 'tape correction'?
The vessel may not be on an even keel when the readings are taken.
The length of tape in contact with very cold cargo vapours may contract.
The vessel may have a list when the readings are taken.
The float may become heavier and partly sink due to liquid cargo absorption.
You have just started to load Dicyclopentadiene to 5 port and starboard cargo tanks, but no cargo seems to be coming into the tanks. What will you do?
Stop cargo - notify the Duty Officer and / or the terminal dependng on the agreed communication procedure. Re-check the lines, valves and connections carefully, bearing in mind that there might be a build-up of pressure. Advise as appropriate.
Open the main lid on the tank and use a flashlight to try and see if there is a problem with the pump or line inside.
Carefully slack the bolts back on the connections, working initially on the off-shore mainifold, to determine how far the pressure extends in the ship's pipeline system, to determine which valve is giving the problem.
Re-check all valves. Just say nothing and open it, if one is found closed.
You have to choose one of the following instruments for measuring pressure in an air bottle in measuring range 0 - 35 BAR. Which instrument would you install?
Cargo compressors are often used to handle cargo vapour on LPG carriers. How is liquid cargo prevented from entering the suction side of the cargo compressor?
By filling the vapour line between the cargo tank and the compressor with silica gel.
By fitting a liquid separator in the vapour line between the cargo tank and the compressor
By fitting a drain valve on the vapour line between the cargo tank and the compressor which is left open when the compressor is operating.
By fitting a drier in the vapour line between the cargo tank and the compressor.
Why should a container with a damaged corner post not be loaded?
Because during discharge the ship could be held responsible for the damage
Because its strength is weakened
Because it will not fit properly into a container stack
Because the cargo inside might be damaged
What is the normally accepted maximum allowable filling limit for the cargo tanks on an LNG carrier?
A cargo hatch cover seal on a Bulk Carrier is known to be damaged and not weather tight prior to sailing; what is the legal significance of this situation?
The vessel may have its classification affected
The vessel is still seaworthy but repairs must be carried out at next port
The vessel may well be judged to be un-seaworthy; this could invalidate some certification and hull and machinery insurance
There are no legal concerns over this
Which of the following voltage levels would be regarded as high voltage likely to be found on a ship?
When will the Hague-Visby rules apply on a General Cargo vessel?
When cargoes are carried on deck
When cargo is carried under a bill of lading
When a vessel operates under a charter party
What is extracted rape seed meal, soya bean meal, cotton seed meal and sunflower seed meal?
A 6-Volt relay is to be used with a 12-Volt power supply. The relay requires a current of 0.1 Amp. What is the series resistance required.
Ro-ro passenger ships shall either carry automatically self-righting liferafts or canopied reversible liferafts. What does it mean that a liferaft is automatically self-righting?
The liferaft will automatically turn back into an upright position when it is fully loaded with people
The liferaft will automatically turn back into an upright position when it is empty of people
It means the same as self-righting lifeboats
One person can manage to turn the liferaft back into an upright position
In the context of oil tanker operations, what is "clingage"?
Oil residues remaining in the bottom of a cargo tank after tank-cleaning
The resistance to flow in a pipeline during the discharge of an oil cargo
Electrostatically charged bubbles of air and moisture suspended in an oil cargo after loading
Residues remaining on the inside of a pipeline, or on the internal structure of a cargo tank after an oil cargo has been discharged
What is the purpose of the flame scanner or 'magic eye' fitted to the burner unit of oil or gas fired steam boilers?
To check the colour of the flame.
To control the combustion air supply to the boiler.
To check that the flame is present during start up or normal operation of the burner; if not then fuel is shut off automatically.
To check the colour of the exhaust gas from the furnace.
What is of major concern when a shallow draught ro-ro vessel is in river transit?
What is characteristic of Cotton Seed Cake?
It is susceptible to tainting if stowed near odorous goods
It is unaffected by moisture
It does not require ventilation
Dunnage is not required for cargo stowage purposes
The thermal conductance capability is expressed by a materials thermal conductance number and states the heat quantity. What is the denomination for heat quantity?
Who must sign (and countersign) entries in a Cargo Record Book which documents cargo and cleaning operations on a chemical tanker?
Each completed operation shall be signed for and dated by the officer or officers in charge and, if applicable, by a surveyor appointed by the competent authority of the State in which the ship is unloading. Each completed page shall be countersigned by the master of the ship.
Each completed operation shall ner signed for and dated by the Officer or Officers of the Watch on which the operation took place. Each completed page shall be countersigned by the chief officer or the master of the ship.
Each operation shall be signed and dated by the officer or officers in charge and countersigned by the master of the ship. An entry and stamp shall be entered by the Responsible Person from the vessel's Management Office upon periodic inspection.
Each completed operation shall be signed for and dated by the pumpman or pumpmen instructed to carry out the task and countersigned by the officer in charge. A surveyor or superintendent may additionally sign to indicate that he has witnessed a particular operation.
In what format will an On-Scene Co-ordinator report such information as on-scene weather and operation progress to other parties?
With reference to non-VIT diesel engine high pressure fuel pumps that have helix control, how is the timing of fuel injection normally adjusted?
By raising or lowering the pump plunger relative to the pump barrel.
By rotating the pump plunger relative to the pump barrel.
By changing the governor output signal.
By changing the opening pressure setting for the fuel injection valves.
Master of every ship must provide:
Facilities to conduct training whenever required by the training officer
Proper rest to the crew after each training programme
the training during crews working hours only
A link between the shipboard training officer and the company training officer ashore
Three earth lamps indicate - bright - bright - dark. Which of the following is indicated by this condition?
Two phases are good and one has a partial fault to earth
Two phases are good and one has a hard fault to earth
No faults on the system but a failed lamp
Two phases have a partial fault to earth and one is good
What happens during Parametric Rolling when a wave trough is amidships?
There is a reduction in righting levers
There is an increase in righting levers
There is a likelihood of the ship rolling violently
Which of the following areas may be possible restricted areas? (Review all answers)
A non-reversing medium speed diesel engine is used to drive a controllable pitch propeller through a pneumatic clutch and reduction gearbox. The engine has been tested and brought up to operating temperatures on engine control. Which of the options given would be the preferred status of the engine and associated equipment when it is handed over to bridge control?
Engine stopped with clutch disengaged and propeller in zero thrust position.
Engine running, clutch disengaged, propeller at zero thrust.
Engine running with clutch engaged and propeller in ahead position.
Engine stopped with clutch disengaged and propeller at zero thrust.
Some specialised vessels, mainly those involved in the carriage of fish, are capable of carriage temperatures as low as minus 60 degree Celsius. From the options given select the one that best describes why such low temperatures are used.
At minus 62 degrees Celsius the eutectic point is reached and all water in the cells is frozen.
Longer transport times are possible and hence less powerful vessels are required.
Higher charter rates can be achieved.
Quick temperature reduction is possible.
In oil cargo quantity calculations, a specific figure derived from historical analysis of discrepancies between ship and shore figures is often considered when the master is comparing a load total against that shown on the Bill of Lading for the current operation. How is this figure referred to?
Vessel Discrepancy Index.
Vessel Experience Factor.
Ship's Calculation Reference Factor.
Intermediate Comparison Figure.
A medium speed diesel engine which is supported on a steel chocking system has had repeated problems with two of the chocks at the end of the engine on the port side becoming slack. This has led to some fretting damage to the bedplate and tank top in that area. What action should be taken to affect a cost effective permanent repair?
Replace the damaged chocks with resin based chocks of an appropriate size.
Replace the complete steel chocking system with a resin based system.
Tighten the holding down bolts in that area to 150% recommended load to prevent further slackening and fretting.
Replace the complete steel chocking system with one using resilient mounts to accommodate movement and avoid further incidents of fretting.
Many reefer vessels are fitted with controlled atmosphere systems (CA). There are a number of different systems available but generally they all work by introducing nitrogen into the cargo space. Select, from the options given, the main reason why nitrogen is generally the gas chosen for controlling the atmosphere in the cargo spaces of a reefer vessel.
Nitrogen is inert and there is no risk of creating a flammable mixture in the cargo space.
Nitrogen remains as a gas at all temperatures used in refrigerated transport.
Nitrogen displaces the oxygen in the cargo space and allows the respiration of the fruit to be controlled.
Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas available.
Why should one not rely wholly on a loading computer?
Because loading computers do not indicate actual sea going conditions
Because loading computers do not warn of high centres of gravity when high cube containers are carried
Because some instruments do not warn of heavy-over-light containers so long as overall stack weights are within limits
Because loading computers do not indicate the positions of high cube containers
An inspection in the amidships area of the weather deck of a Panamax container vessel has revealed cracks in the hatch coamings. Which part of the vessel should now urgently be inspected.
Transverse bulkhead beneath the bridge front.
Longitudinals in the double bottom tanks in the amidships half length of the vessel.
Transverse bulkhead immediately aft of the engine room.
Stiffening in the forepeak tank at approximately water line level.
Which is the most important factor in the safety awareness of the ships crew?
The safety awareness of the senior officers
The level of emergency-preparedness
The quality of emergency drills
The shipboard training provided
The electric motor on one of your centrifugal pumps has for a period of time gradually been running at lower and lower Amp-load. The pump is still supplying water, but the pressure is reduced. Which of the below alternatives is probably the reason?
The pump is running at lower speed due to short circuit in the electric motor.
Inner diameter of impeller is bigger due to cavitations, or outer diameter reduced by erosion.
The pump has been more effective because the suction strainer has been removed.
The pump has suction from many places at the same time.
What can be the punishment for a shipmaster of a Norwegian ship if he without sufficient cause refuses to receive onboard persons for whom Norwegian authorities must provide transportation?
He shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months.
He shall be liable to fines or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months.
He shall be liable to fines or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
He shall be liable to fines.
What are ‘Dangerous Goods’ within the context of containerisation?
Goods that are liable to explode
Substances, materials and articles covered by the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code
Goods that are self-heating and liable to spontaneous combustion
Goods that are liable to cause damage to the ship
With the exception of some citrus fruits and bananas, fruit is usually pre-cooled to the required carriage temperature prior to loading on a reefer vessel. In order to protect the cold chain, and to maintain the temperature of the fruit, a minimum exposure time to ambient conditions during loading is necessary. What action should the deck officers take during loading to achieve this minimum exposure time?
Close the hatches and apply cooling to the cargo already loaded during any break in cargo operations that exceed 30 minutes.
Request that the stevedores work faster to minimise loading time.
Close the hatches for any break in cargo operations that exceed 60 minutes.
Close the hatches and apply cooling to the cargo already loaded during any overnight break in cargo operations.
Why do we have longtitudal bulkhead in a prismatic cargo tank
To reduce the free surface ”sloshing” on the cargo
To control the list of the ship
To load two grades of cargo in one tank
To increase the transverse strength of the cargo tank
Before entering the cargo tank of an LNG carrier it will be necessary to inert and then aerate and gas free the tank. What is the atmospheric content of oxygen that is required before tank entry is allowed?
From where can one obtain information regarding the segregation of dangerous goods packed in cargo transport units?
The cargo securing manual
Special tables in the IMDG Code
Details in the bill of lading
What is the difference between a "VLCC" and a "ULCC"?
Tankers between 125,000 tonnes and 250,000 tonnes deadweight are classified as "VLCC"s while those above 250,000 tonnes are classified as "ULCC"s.
Tankers between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes deadweight are classified as "VLCC"s while those above 300,000 tonnes are classified as "ULCC"s.
Tankers with a loaded draught of between 17.8 and 23.1 metres are classified as "ULCC"s, while those with a draught in excess of 23 metres are classified as "ULCC"s.
Large tankers that are able to pass through the Suez Canal are classified as "VLCC"s. Those which are too deep to transit the Canal are classified as "ULCC"s.
How often is the performance check of a Voyage Data Recorder by a competent person required under SOLAS?
At the Intermediate Safety Equipment Survey.
When the battery is replaced.
When the data media is downloaded.
What is the requirement to membranes on Independent Tank Type "A"?
Complete secondary barrier.
Only primary barrier required.
Partial secondary barrier.
What name is applied to foods (in particular meat) that have been prepared according to the rules of Islam?
The meaning of lapping a valve and valve seat is:
Machining the valve in a lathe machine.
Grind the valve against the valve seat to obtain a uniform sealing surface
Adjust the overlapping of the inlet and exhaust valves
If left-over cooked meat is to be re-used in another meal, which of the following precautions must be taken?
The meat must be fine chopped to ensure it re-heats to at least 70 degrees Celsius as quickly as possible; it must not be mixed with newly preared raw meat; the dish in which it is used must only be heated once.
The meat can be directly added to another dish and musdt be re-heated to the temperature required by the new recipe; it can then be re-heated for further servings provided it is refrigerated in between.
The cooked meat must have been refrigerated until required; it can be taken out, chopped and mixed thoroughly with newly cooked ingredients, to ensure it is adequately re-heated. If it cools before serving, it can be warmed through on a hot plate or under a heat lamp.
The meat must be sliced to a thickness of less than 5 mm to ensure it re-heats to at least 50 degrees Celsius during cooking; it can only be layered with other previously cooked ingredients; the dish in which it is used can be re-heated again, provided it is refrigerated between each serving.
How should lashing belts be stowed on board a RoRo vessel?
According to their Safe Working Load (SWL)
According to their date of manufacture
According to the manufacturer
Some diesel engines have alarm and slow down protection in the event of a fire in the scavenge boxes. Choose the option which would be a typical set point for giving a slow down of the engine in the event of a scavenge box fire?
What would be a typical value for the set point for shut down of a large 2-stroke diesel engine due to thrust bearing high temperature?
Which plan shows the position of the vertical and longitudinal centres of gravity for each cargo compartment?
During loading of palletised, chilled, perishable goods it starts to rain heavily in the port area. Some of the cargo pallets have been placed on the quay ready for loading. Select, from the options given, the best course of action to be taken to minimise any damage to the cargo.
Return the cargo to the cooling sheds until the rain ceases.
Shift the cargo to a position where there is overhead shelter.
Shift the cargo onto the deck and cover with a waterproof sheet.
Cover the cargo with a waterproof sheet.
During inspection of the cylinder bore of a high speed diesel engine it is found that the surface of the liner has an extremely smooth and glassy appearance. From the options given select the best action, if any, that should be taken?
With a steel brush, using a vertical motion, deglaze the liner to improve both oil retention and running conditions.
Clean the liner by rubbing with emery cloth using a circular motion to deglaze the liner to improve both oil retention and running conditions.
Use a flexible honing brush to deglaze the liner to a cross hatched plateau finish to improve both oil retention and running conditions.
No action is necessary as a smooth surface helps the piston rings achieve a good gas seal.
Oil tankers built and delivered after 6th July 1986 must have a double hulled ballast arrangement extending throughout the cargo tank length, or wing ballast tanks that extend throughout the cargo tank length. If it is the latter, what design feature is applied to guard against pollution in the event of the bottom being breached?
The cargo tank levels must be set so that hydrostatic pressure will stop oil outflow.
The pressure vacuum valves must be capable of complete sealing, and the integral strength of the tank such that a total vacuum is capable of being maintained in the breached compartment, thereby preventing outflow of oil.
Steel thickness in the bottom area must be a minimum of 1.36 times that otherwise required by construction regulations to minimise the extent of any breach.
Additional level sensors and alarms must be fitted to give early warning of oil outflow.
On a container vessel why is it important not to exceed stack allowable weights?
The lashings can be overloaded
The GM can become excessive leading to high roll accelerations
Torsional effects on the hull
It can cause failure of the corner posts of the containers stowed at the bottom of the stack
U-tube manometers are often used to measure differential pressure. Which of the listed pressures is U-tube manometers mostly used for?
High differential pressures
Low differential pressures
As part of the decommissioning process for old reefer vessels they are sent to a recycling yard where any refrigerant remaining in the refrigeration system is dealt with. Which one of the actions given in the options needs to be carried out in preparation for delivery of a vessel to a recycling yard?
Discharge the gas to atmosphere prior to arrival to minimise handling costs at the recycling yard.
Make a careful note of the quantities of gas onboard and note this in the Ozone Depletion Record Book prior to discharging the gas into recovery bottles.
Make a careful note of the quantities of gas onboard and note this in the Ozone Depleting Record Book before discharging the gas to atmosphere.
Make a careful note of the quantities of gas onboard prior to arrival at the yard and note this in the Ozone Depleting Record Book.
On the figure 4 possible definitions of the term "FORWARD" are given. Which one is the correct one?
Forward is given by B on the figure
Forward is given by C on the figure
Forward is given by A on the figure
Forward is given by D on the figure
Why does the Chief Mate have to reorder the cargo plan?
The cadet disappeared with the cargo plan
Hold No. 7 is already loaded by the company ashore
Hatchcover No. 7 cannot be opened due to a defect in the hydraulic pump
The wheels of hatchcover No. 7 came out off their tracks
What is the colour of the smoke signal used by life-saving stations or rescue units indicating that distress signals are observed in daylight?
*Generally speaking, what is the value commonly recognised as the maximum concentration of CO2 allowed in the breathing air of a breathing apparatus?
During mooring operations; which is the safe position to be in?
Between the "point of break" and the "fairlead".
Behind the point of restraint, but inside the zone.
Outside the colored zone.
Behind the fairlead, but inside the zone.
Your ship is equipped with 2 different types of grabs, small and large, with cubic capacities of 5m3 and 10m3 respectively. Maximum crane load for grab service is 16 tons including grab weight. You are going to discharge a dry commodity having a stowage factor of 1,4 T/m3. What will be the suitable grab for this operation?
None of the mentioned alternatives.